Trustee Act

Cap. 167

This is the latest version of this Act.

Citation: Cap. 167
Date: 10 November 1978
Language: English
Type: Act
Publication: Download PDF (2.8 MB)

TRUSTEE ACT

CAP. 167

Published in Kenya Gazette Vol. XXXI—No. 61 on 22 November 1929
Assented to on 16 November 1929
Commenced on 16 November 1929

[Amended by Trustee (Amendment) Ordinance, 1948 (Act No. 85 of 1948) on 11 December 1948]
[Amended by Land Consolidation Act (Cap. 283) on 28 July 1959]
[Amended by Variation of Trusts Ordinance, 1959 (Act No. 47 of 1959) on 17 November 1959]
[Amended by Kenya (Land) Order in Council, 1960 (Legal Notice 589 of 1960) on 7 December 1960]
[Amended by Kenya (Amendment of Laws) (Written Laws) Order, 1963 (Legal Notice 2 of 1964) on 12 December 1963]
[Amended by Kenya (Amendment of laws) (Miscellanous Amendments) (No. 3) Order, 1964 (Legal Notice 168 of 1964) on 12 December 1963]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1967 (Act No. 9 of 1967) on 21 April 1967]
[Amended by Trustee (Amendment) Act, 1967 (Act No. 22 of 1967) on 25 August 1967]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1969 (Act No. 10 of 1969) on 27 June 1969]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1971 (Act No. 14 of 1971) on 11 June 1971]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1972 (Act No. 13 of 1972) on 17 November 1972]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1974 (Act No. 4 of 1974) on 20 April 1974]
[Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1978 (Act No. 13 of 1978) on 10 November 1978]

An Act of Parliament relating to trustees

Part I – PRELIMINARY

1. Short title

This Act may be cited as the Trustee Act.

2. Interpretation

In this Act, except where the context otherwise requires—“authorized investments” means investments authorized by the instrument, if any, creating the trust for the investment of money subject to the trust, or by law;“bank” means a bank licensed as such under the Banking Act (Cap. 488);“building society” means a society registered under the Building Societies Act (Cap. 489) and declared by the Minister, by notice in the Gazette, to be a building society for the purposes of this Act;“contingent right” as applied to land includes a contingent or executory interest, a possibility coupled with an interest, whether the object of the gift or limitation of the interest or possibility is or is not ascertained, also a right of entry, whether immediate or future, and whether vested or contingent;“convey” and “conveyance” as applied to any person include the execution by that person of every necessary or suitable assurance (including an assent) for conveying, assigning, appointing, surrendering, or otherwise transferring or disposing of land whereof he is seized or possessed, or wherein he is entitled to a contingent right, either for his whole estate or for any less estate, together with the performance of all formalities required by law for the validity of the conveyance;“court” means the High Court or a judge thereof;“financial institution” means a financial institution licensed as such under the Banking Act (Cap. 488);“fixed-interest security” means—(a)a security which, under its terms of issue, bears a fixed rate of interest; or(b)a mortgage of immovable property; or(c)a deposit, whether fixed-term or otherwise with a bank or financial institution, building society or the Kenya Post Office Savings Bank;“instrument” includes Act;“land” includes land of any tenure, and mines and minerals, whether or not severed from the surface, buildings or parts of buildings, and other corporeal hereditaments; also a rent and other incorporeal hereditaments, and an easement, right, privilege, or benefit in, over, or derived from land, but not an undivided share in land; and in this definition “mines” and “minerals” include any strata or seams of minerals or substances in or under any land, and powers of working and getting them, but not an undivided share thereof; and “hereditaments” means immovable property which under an intestacy would devolve on an heir;“mortgage” and “mortgagee” include a chargee or charge by way of legal mortgage under the Registration of Titles Act (Cap. 281) or the Registered Land Act (Cap. 300), and relate to every estate and interest regarded in equity as merely a security for money, and every person deriving title under the original mortgagee;“pay” and “payment” as applied in relation to stocks and securities and in connexion with the expression “into court” include deposit or transfer in or into court;“personal representative” means the executor, original or by representation, or administrator for the time being of a deceased person;“possession” includes receipt of rents and profits or the right to receive them; “income” includes rents and profits; and “possessed” applies to receipt of income of and to any vested estate less than a life interest in possession or in expectancy in any land;“property” includes immovable and movable property, and any estate, share and interest in any property, immovable or movable, and any debt, and any thing in action, and any other right or interest, whether in possession or not;“rights” includes estates and interests;“sale” includes an exchange;“securities” includes stocks, funds and shares; and “securities payable to bearer” includes securities transferable by delivery or by delivery and endorsement;“stock” includes fully paid-up shares, and so far as relates to vesting orders made by the court under this Act, includes any fund, annuity, or security transferable in books kept by any company or society, or by instrument of transfer either alone or accompanied by other formalities, and any share or interest therein;“transfer” in relation to stock or securities includes the performance and execution of every deed, power of attorney, act and thing on the part of the transferor to effect and complete the title in the transferee;“trust” does not include the duties incident to an estate conveyed by way of mortgage, but, with this exception, the expressions “trust” and “trustee”extend to implied and constructive trusts, and to cases where the trustee has a beneficial interest in the trust property, and to the duties incident to the Trustee office of a personal representative, and “trustee” where the context admits, includes a personal representative, and “new trustee” includes an additional trustee;“trust corporation” means the Public Trustee or a corporation appointed by the court in any particular case to be a trustee or a corporation which is for the time being a trust corporation within the meaning of the Law of Succession Act (Cap. 160);“trust for sale” in relation to land means an immediate binding trust for sale, whether or not exercisable at the request or with the consent of any person, and with or without power at discretion to postpone the sale;“trustees for sale” means the persons (including a personal representative) holding land on trust for sale.[Act No. 8 of 1956, s. 2, Act No. 27 of 1959, Sch., L.N. 589/1960, Act No. 25 of 1963, Sch., Act No. 22 of 1967, s. 2, Act No. 14 of 1971, Sch., Act No. 4 of 1974, Sch.]

3. Application of Act

(1)This Act, except where otherwise expressly provided, applies to trusts including, so far as this Act applies thereto, executorships and administratorships constituted or created either before or after the commencement of this Act.

(2)The powers conferred by this Act on trustees are in addition to the powers conferred by the instrument, if any, creating the trust, but those powers, unless otherwise stated, apply if and so far only as a contrary intention is not expressed in the instrument, if any, creating the trust, and have effect subject to the terms of that instrument.

(3)This Act does not affect the legality or validity of anything done before the commencement of this Act, except as otherwise hereinafter expressly provided.

Part II – INVESTMENTS

4. Authorized investments

(1)A trustee may invest any trust funds in his hands, whether at the time in a state of investment or not, in the following manner—

(a)in any securities in which trustees in England are for the time being authorized by the law of England to invest trust funds;

(b)in any securities the interest on which is for the time being guaranteed by the United Kingdom Parliament or by the Government of Kenya, or in any public debentures issued under the authority of and guaranteed by any Act;

(c)in any security given by a city or municipal council established under the provisions of the Local Government Act (Cap. 265) which the Minister has, by notice in the Gazette, declared to be a trustee security for the purposes of this Act;

(d)in any security, being a security the price of which is quoted on a recognized stock exchange in Kenya, issued by a company formed and registered under the Companies Act (Cap. 486) whose total issued and paid-up share capital is not less than ten million shillings and which has paid a dividend on all of its shares which rank for dividend in each of the five years immediately preceding the year in which the investment is made:Trustee Provided that the Registrar of Companies may, by notice in the Gazette, certify any company to be the successor of any former company for the purposes of this section, and in that case any dividend paid by the former company during that period shall be deemed to have been a payment made by the successor company;

(e)in any units, or other shares of the investments subject to the trusts, of a unit trust within the meaning of the Unit Trusts Act (Cap. 521) and registered under section 7 of that Act;

(f)in any shares of a building society;

(g)in any security issued by Kenya Railways;

(h)in any security issued by or on any loan to the Industrial Development Bank Limited;

(i)in the purchase of moveable property in Kenya held for an estate in fee simple or for a term of years of which not less than forty years is unexpired and which is not subject to a rent exceeding four per centum or the unimproved value thereof or to any condition of re-entry except for non-payment of rent, or on first mortgage thereon,

and may also from time to time vary such investment.

(2)The provisions of the Schedule shall apply in cases where any part of the trust fund is to be invested or is invested in any security other than a fixed-interest security, to the exclusion of the corresponding provisions of the law referred to in subsection (1)(a).

(3)The powers of investment conferred by this section are exercisable—

(a)notwithstanding the provisions of any instrument made before the 1st January, 1967;

(b)only so far as a contrary intention is not expressed in any instrument made on or after that date,

and in this section “instrument” includes a written law or an instrument made under a written law.

(4)Where any person, not being a trustee, has a statutory power of making investments which is or includes power to make the same investments as trustees are for the time being by law authorized to make, however the power is expressed, the provisions of this section shall with the necessary modifications, apply in relation to him as if he were a trustee:Provided that property belonging to a fund applicable wholly or partly for the redemption of debt shall not by virtue of this subsection be invested in a security other than a fixed-interest security.[Act No. 85 of 1948, s. 2, L.N. 168/1964, Act No. 22 of 1967, s. 3, Act No. 10 of 1969, Sch., Act No. 14 of 1971, Sch., Act No. 13 of 1972, Sch., Act No. 13 of 1978, Sch.]

5. Discretion of trustees

The power conferred by section 4 shall be exercised according to the discretion of the trustee, but subject to any consent or direction required by the instrument, if any, creating the trust or by law with respect to the investment of the trust funds.

6. Power to retain investment which has ceased to be authorized

A trustee shall not be liable for breach of trust by reason only of his continuing to hold an investment which has ceased to be an investment authorized by the trust instrument or by the general law.

7. Enlargement of powers of investment

(1)A trustee having power to invest in freehold securities may invest and shall be deemed always to have had power to invest on mortgage of property held for an unexpired term of not less than forty years, and not subject to a reservation of rent greater than four per centum of the unimproved value thereof, or to any right of redemption or to any condition for re-entry, except for non-payment of rent.

(2)A trustee having power to invest in freehold securities may accept the security in the form of a legal charge under the Registration of Titles Act (Cap. 281).

(3)A trustee having power to invest in the mortgages or bonds of any railway company or of any other description of company may invest in the debenture stock of a railway company or such other company.

8. Investment in bearer securities

(1)A trustee may unless expressly prohibited by the instrument creating the trust, retain or invest in securities payable to bearer which, if not so payable, would have been authorized investments:Provided that securities to bearer retained or taken as an investment by a trustee (not being a trust corporation) shall, until sold, be deposited by him for safe custody and collection of income with a banker or banking company.

(2)A direction that investments shall be retained or made in the name of a trustee shall not, for the purposes of subsection (1), be deemed to be an express prohibition.

(3)A trustee shall not be responsible for any loss incurred by reason of the deposit, and any sum payable in respect of the deposit and collection shall be paid out of the income of the trust property.

9. Loans and investments by trustees not chargeable as breaches of trust

(1)A trustee lending money on the security of any property on which he can properly lend shall not be chargeable with breach of trust by reason only of the proportion borne by the amount of the loan to the value of the property at the time when the loan was made, if it appears to the court—

(a)that in making the loan the trustee was acting upon a report as to the value of the property made by a person whom he reasonably believed to be an able practical surveyor or valuer instructed and employed independently of any owner of the property, whether the surveyor or valuer carried on business in the locality where the property is situate or elsewhere; and

(b)that the amount of the loan does not exceed two third parts of the value of the property as stated in the report; and

(c)that the loan was made under the advice of the surveyor or valuer expressed in the report.

(2)A trustee lending money on the security of any leasehold property shall not be chargeable with breach of trust only upon the grounds that in making the loan he dispensed either wholly or partly with the production or investigation of the lessor’s title.

(3)A trustee shall not be chargeable with breach of trust only upon the grounds that in effecting the purchase, or in lending money upon the security, of any property he has accepted a shorter title than the title which a purchaser is, in the absence of a special contract, entitled to require, if in the opinion of the court the title accepted be such as a person acting with prudence and caution would have accepted.

(4)This section applies to transfers of existing securities as well as to new securities and to investments made before as well as after the commencement of this Act.

10. Liability for loss by reason of improper investment

(1)Where a trustee improperly advances trust money on a mortgage security which would at the time of the investment be a proper investment in all respects for a smaller sum than is actually advanced thereon, the security shall be deemed an authorized investment for the smaller sum, and the trustee shall only be liable to make good the sum advanced in excess thereof with interest.

(2)This section applies to investments made before as well as after the commencement of this Act.

11. Powers supplementary to powers of investment

(1)Trustees lending money on the security of any property on which they can lawfully lend may contract that the money shall not be called in during any period not exceeding seven years from the time when the loan was made, provided interest be paid within a specified time not exceeding thirty days after every half-yearly or other day on which it becomes due, and provided there be no breach of any covenant by the mortgagor contained in the instrument of mortgage or charge for the maintenance and protection of the property.

(2)On a sale of land for an estate in fee simple or for a term having at least forty years to run by trustees, the trustees may, where the proceeds are liable to be invested, contract that the payment of any part, not exceeding two thirds, of the purchase money shall be secured by a mortgage or legal charge of the land sold, with or without the security of any other property, and the mortgage or legal charge, if any buildings are comprised in the mortgage, shall contain a covenant by the mortgagor to keep them insured against loss or damage by fire to the full value thereof; but the trustees shall not be bound to obtain a report as to the value of the land or other property to be comprised in the mortgage or legal charge, or any advice as to the making of the loan, and shall not be liable for any loss which may be incurred by reason only of the security being insufficient at the date of the mortgage or legal charge.

(3)Where securities of a company are subject to a trust, the trustees may concur in any scheme or arrangement—

(a)for the reconstruction of the company;

(b)for the sale of all or any part of the property and undertaking of the company to another company;

(c)for the acquisition of the securities of the company, or of control thereof, by another company;

(d)for the amalgamation of the company with another company;

(e)for the release, modification or variation of any rights, privileges or liabilities attached to the securities or any of them,

as if they were entitled to those securities beneficially, with power to accept any securities of any denomination or description of the reconstructed or purchasing or new company in lieu of or in exchange for all or any of the first-mentioned securities; and the trustees shall not be responsible for any loss occasioned by any act or thing so done in good faith, and may retain any securities so accepted for any period for which they could have properly retained the original securities.

(4)If any conditional or preferential right to subscribe for any securities in any company is offered to trustees in respect of any holding in the company, they may, as to all or any of those securities, either exercise the right and apply capital money subject to the trust in payment of the consideration, or renounce the right, or assign for the best consideration that can be reasonably obtained the benefit of the right or the title thereto to any person, including a beneficiary under the trust, without being responsible for any loss occasioned by any act or thing so done by them in good faith:Provided that the consideration for any such assignment shall be held as capital money of the trust.

(5)The powers conferred by this section shall be exercisable subject to the consent of any person whose consent to a change of investment is required by law or by the instrument, if any, creating the trust.

(6)Where the loan referred to in subsection (1), or the sale referred to in subsection (2), is made under an order of the court, the powers conferred by those subsections respectively shall apply only if and so far as the court may by order direct.

[Act No. 22 of 1967, s. 4.]

12. Power to deposit money at bank and to pay calls

(1)Trustees may, pending the negotiation and preparation of any mortgage or charge, or during any other time while an investment is being sought for, pay any trust money into a bank to a deposit or other account and all interest, if any, payable in respect thereof shall be applied as income.

(2)Trustees may apply capital money subject to a trust in payment of the calls on any shares subject to the same trust.

Part III – GENERAL POWERS OF TRUSTEES AND PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES

General Powers

13. Power of trustees for sale to sell by auction, etc.

(1)Where a trust for sale or a power of sale of property is vested in a trustee, he may sell or concur with any other person in selling all or any part of the property, either subject to prior charges or not, and either together or in lots, by public auction or by private contract, subject to any such conditions respecting title or evidence of title or other matter as the trustee thinks fit, with power to vary any contract for sale, and to buy in at any auction, or to rescind any contract for sale and to resell, without being answerable for any loss.

(2)A trust or power to sell or dispose of land includes a trust or power to sell or dispose of part thereof.

14. Power to sell subject to depreciatory conditions

(1)No sale made by a trustee shall be impeached by a beneficiary upon the grounds that any of the conditions subject to which the sale was made may have been unnecessarily depreciatory, unless it also appears that the consideration for the sale was thereby rendered inadequate.

(2)No sale made by a trustee shall, after the execution of the conveyance, be impeached as against the purchaser upon the ground that any of the conditions subject to which the sale was made may have been unnecessarily depreciatory, unless it appears that the purchaser was acting in collusion with the trustee at the time when the contract for sale was made.

(3)No purchaser, upon any sale made by a trustee, may make any objection against the title upon any of the grounds specified in this section.

15. Power of trustees to give receipts

(1)The receipt in writing of a trustee for any money, securities, or other movable property or effects payable, transferable, or deliverable to him under any trust or power shall be a sufficient discharge to the person paying, transferring, or delivering them and shall effectually exonerate him from seeing to the application or being answerable for any loss or misapplication thereof.

(2)This section does not, except where the trustee is a trust corporation, enable a sole trustee to give a valid receipt for the proceeds of sale or other capital money arising under a disposition on trust for sale of land.

(3)This section applies notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the instrument, if any, creating the trust.

16. Power to compound liabilities

A personal representative, or two or more trustees acting together, or, subject to the restrictions imposed in regard to receipts by a sole trustee not being a trust corporation, a sole acting trustee where by the instrument, if any, creating the trust, or by law, a sole trustee is authorized to execute the trusts and powers reposed in him, may, if and as he or they think fit—

(a)accept any property, movable or immovable, before the time at which it is made transferable or payable; or

(b)sever and apportion any blended trust funds or property; or

(c)pay or allow any debt or claim on any evidence that he or they think sufficient; or

(d)accept any composition or any security, movable or immovable, for any debt or for any property, movable or immovable, claimed; or

(e)allow any time for payment of any debt; or

(f)compromise, compound, abandon, submit to arbitration or otherwise settle any debt, account, claim, or thing whatever relating to the testator’s or intestate’s estate or to the trust,

and for any of those purposes may enter into, give, execute and do such agreements, instruments of composition or arrangement, releases and other things as to him or them seem expedient, without being responsible for any loss occasioned by any act or thing so done by him or them in good faith.

17. Power to raise money by sale, mortgage, etc.

(1)Where trustees are authorized by the instrument, if any, creating the trust or by law to pay or apply capital money subject to the trust for any purpose or in any manner, they shall have and shall be deemed always to have had power to raise the money required by sale, conversion, calling in or mortgage of all or any part of the trust property for the time being in possession.

(2)This section applies notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the instrument, if any, creating the trust, but does not apply to trustees of property held for charitable purposes.

18. Protection to purchasers and mortgagees dealing with trustees

No purchaser or mortgagee, paying or advancing money on a sale or mortgage purporting to be made under any trust or power vested in trustees, shall be concerned to see that the money is wanted, or that no more than is wanted is raised, or otherwise as to the application thereof.

19. Devolution of powers or trusts

(1)Where a power or trust is given to or imposed on two or more trustees jointly, it may be exercised or performed by the survivors or survivor of them for the time being.

(2)Until the appointment of new trustees, the personal representatives or representative for the time being of a sole trustee, or, where there were two or more trustees, of the last surviving or continuing trustee, shall be capable of exercising or performing any power or trust which was given to, or capable of being exercised by, the sole or last surviving or continuing trustee, or other the trustees or trustee for the time being of the trust.

(3)This section takes effect subject to the restrictions imposed in regard to receipts by a sole trustee, not being a trust corporation.

(4)In this section “personal representative” does not include an executor who has renounced or has not proved.

20. Power to insure

(1)A trustee may insure against loss or damage by fire any building or other insurable property to any amount, including the amount of any insurance already on foot, for the full value of the building or property, and pay the premiums for that insurance out of the income thereof or out of the income of any other property subject to the same trusts without obtaining the consent of any person who may be entitled wholly or partly to the income.

(2)This section does not apply to any building or property which a trustee is bound forthwith to convey absolutely to any beneficiary upon being requested to do so.

21. Application of insurance money where policy kept up under any trust, power or obligation

(1)Money receivable by trustees or any beneficiary under a policy of insurance against the loss or damage of any property subject to a trust, whether by fire or otherwise, shall, where the policy has been kept up under any trust in that behalf, or under any power statutory or otherwise, or in performance of any covenant or of any obligation statutory or otherwise, be capital money for the purposes of the trust.

(2)If any such money is receivable by a person other than a trustee of the trust, that person shall use his best endeavours to recover and receive the money, and shall pay the net residue thereof, after discharging any costs of recovering and receiving it, to the trustees of the trust, or if there are no trustees capable of giving a discharge therefor, into court.

(3)Any such money—

(a)if it was receivable in respect of property held upon trust for sale, shall be held upon the trusts and subject to the powers and provisions applicable to money arising by a sale under such trust;

(b)in any other case, shall be held upon trusts corresponding as nearly as may be with the trusts affecting the property in respect of which it was payable.

(4)Such money, or any part thereof, may also be applied by the trustees, or, if in court, under the direction of the court, in rebuilding, reinstating, replacing or repairing the property lost or damaged, but any such application by the trustees shall be subject to the consent of any person whose consent is required by the instrument, if any, creating the trust to the investment of money subject to the trust.

(5)Nothing contained in this section prejudices or affects the right of any person to require any such money or any part thereof to be applied in rebuilding, reinstating or repairing the property lost or damaged, or the rights of any mortgagee, lessor or lessee, whether under any law or otherwise.

(6)This section applies to policies effected either before or after the commencement of this Act, but only to money received after commencement.

22. Deposit of documents for safe custody

Trustees may deposit any documents held by them relating to the trust, or to the trust property, with a banker or banking company or any other company whose business includes the undertaking of the safe custody of documents, and any sum payable in respect of the deposit shall be paid out of the income of the trust property.

23. Reversionary interests, valuations and audit

(1)Where trust property includes a share or interest in property not vested in the trustees, or the proceeds of the sale of any such property, or any other thing in action, the trustees, where the share, interest or proceeds fall into possession or become payable or transferable, may—

(a)agree or ascertain the amount or value thereof or any part thereof in such manner as they may think fit;

(b)accept in or towards satisfaction thereof, at the market or current value, or upon any valuation or estimate of value which they may think fit, any authorized investments;

(c)allow deductions for duties, costs, charges and expenses which they may think proper or reasonable;

(d)execute a release in respect of the premises so as effectually to discharge all accountable parties from all liability in respect of any matters coming within the scope of the release,

without being responsible for any loss occasioned by any act or thing so done by them in good faith.

(2)The trustees shall not be under any obligation and shall not be chargeable with any breach of trust by reason of any omission—

(a)to apply for any stop or similar order upon any securities or other property out of or on which the share or interest or other thing in action is derived, payable or charged; or

(b)to take any proceedings on account of any act, default, or neglect on the part of the persons in whom the securities or other property or any of them or any part thereof are for the time being, or had at any time been, vested,

unless and until required in writing to do so by some person, or the guardian of some person, beneficially interested under the trust, and unless also due provision is made to their satisfaction for payment of the costs of any proceedings required to be taken:Provided that nothing in this subsection shall relieve the trustees of the obligation to get in and obtain payment or transfer of the share or interest or other thing in action on its falling into possession.

(3)Trustees may, for the purpose of giving effect to the trust, or any of the provisions of the instrument, if any, creating the trust or of any law, from time to time (by duly qualified agents) ascertain and fix the value of any trust property in such manner as they think proper, and any valuation so made in good faith shall be binding upon all persons interested under the trust.

(4)Trustees may, in their absolute discretion, from time to time, but not more than once in every three years unless the nature of the trust or any special dealings with the trust property make a more frequent exercise of the right reasonable, cause the accounts of the trust property to be examined or audited by an independent accountant, and shall, for that purpose, produce such vouchers and give such information to him as he may require; and the costs of the examination or audit, including the fee of the auditor, shall be paid out of the capital or income of the trust property, or partly in one way and partly in the other, as the trustees, in their absolute discretion, think fit, but, in default of any direction by the trustees to the contrary in any special case, costs attributable to capital shall be borne by capital and those attributable to income by income.

24. Power to employ agents

(1)Trustees or personal representatives may, instead of acting personally, employ and pay and agent, whether an advocate, banker, stockbroker or other person, to transact any business or do any act required to be transacted or done in the execution of the trust, or the administration of the testator’s or intestate’s estate, including the receipt and payment of money, and shall be entitled to be allowed and paid all charges and expenses so incurred, and shall not be responsible for the default of any such agent if employed in good faith.

(2)Trustees or personal representatives may appoint any person to act as their agent or attorney for the purpose of selling, converting, collecting, getting in, and executing and perfecting assurances of, or managing or cultivating or otherwise administering, any property, real or personal, movable or immovable, subject to the trust or forming part of the testators or intestate’s estate, in any place outside Kenya or executing or exercising any discretion or trust or power vested in them in relation to any such property, with such ancillary powers, and with and subject to such provisions and restrictions as they may think fit, including a power to appoint substitutes, and shall not, by reason only of their having made the appointment, be responsible for any loss arising thereby.

(3)Without prejudice to the general power of appointing agents referred to in this section—

(a)a trustee may appoint an advocate to be his agent to receive and give a discharge for any money or valuable consideration or property receivable by the trustee under the trust, by permitting the advocate to have the custody of and to produce, a deed having in the body thereof or endorsed thereon a receipt for the money or valuable consideration or property, the deed being executed, or the endorsed receipt being signed, by the person entitled to give a receipt for that consideration;

(b)a trustee shall not be chargeable with breach of trust by reason only of his having made or concurred in making any such appointment; and the production of any such deed by the advocate shall have the same validity and effect as if the person appointing the advocate had not been a trustee;

(c)a trustee may appoint a banker or advocate to be his agent to receive and give a discharge for any money payable to the trustee under or by virtue of a policy of insurance, by permitting the banker or advocate to have the custody of and to produce, the policy of insurance with a receipt signed by the trustee, and a trustee shall not be chargeable with breach of trust by reason only of his having made or concurred in making any such appointment:

Provided that nothing in this subsection shall exempt a trustee from any liability which he would have incurred if this Act and any enactment replaced by this Act had not been passed, in case he permits any such money, valuable consideration, or property to remain in the hands or under the control of the banker or advocate for a period longer than is reasonably necessary to enable the banker or advocate, as the case may be, to pay or transfer it to the trustee.

(4)A trustee which is a trust corporation may appoint a person to act as its attorney either generally or in any particular case, for the purpose of executing instruments effecting the transfer of or other dealing with any movable or immovable property subject to any trust, for the time being administered by it.

(5)This section applies whether the money or valuable consideration or property was or is received before or after the commencement of this Act.

[Act No. 9 of 1967, Sch.]

25. Power to concur with others

Where an undivided share in the proceeds of sale of land directed to be sold, or in any other property, is subject to a trust, or forms part of the estate of a testator or intestate, the trustees or personal representatives may (without prejudice to the trust for sale affecting the entirety of the land and the powers of the trustees for sale in reference thereto) execute or exercise any trust or power vested in them in relation to that share in conjunction with the persons entitled to or having power in that behalf over the other share or shares, and notwithstanding that any one or more of the trustees or personal representatives may be entitled to or interested in any such other share, either in his or their own right or in a fiduciary capacity.

26. Power to delegate trusts during absence abroad

(1)A trustee intending to remain out of Kenya for a period exceeding one month may, notwithstanding any rule of law or equity to the contrary, by power of attorney, delegate to any person (including a trust corporation) the execution or exercise during his absence from Kenya of all or any trusts, powers and discretions vested in him as such trustee, either alone or jointly with any other person or persons:Provided that a person being the only other co-trustee and not being a trust corporation shall not be appointed to be an attorney under this subsection.

(2)The donor of a power of attorney given under this section shall be liable for the acts or defaults of the donee as if they were the acts or defaults of the donor.

(3)The power of attorney shall not come into operation unless and until the donor is out of Kenya, and shall be revoked by his return.

(4)The power of attorney shall be attested by at least one witness and shall be registered under the Government Lands Act (Cap. 280) or the Registration of Titles Act (Cap. 281) within thirty days of execution, if executed in Kenya, or within thirty days of first arrival in Kenya, if executed out of Kenya, with a statutory declaration by the donor that he intends to remain out of Kenya for a period exceeding one month from the date of the declaration, or from a date therein mentioned.

(5)The statutory declaration referred to in subsection (4) and a statutory declaration by the donee of the power of attorney that the power has come into operation and has not been revoked by the return of the donor shall be conclusive evidence of the facts stated in favour of any person dealing with the donee.

(6)In favour of any person dealing with the donee, any act done or instrument executed by the donee shall, notwithstanding that the power has never come into operation or has become revoked by the act of the donor or by his death or otherwise, be as valid and effectual as if the donor were alive and of full capacity, and had himself done the act or executed the instrument, unless that person had actual notice that the power had never come into operation or of the revocation of the power before the act was done or instrument executed.

(7)For the purpose of executing or exercising the trusts or powers delegated to him the donee may exercise any of the powers conferred on the donor as trustee by law or by the instrument creating the trust, including power, for the purpose of the transfer of any inscribed stock, himself to delegate to an attorney power to transfer but not including the power of delegation conferred by this section.

(8)The fact that it appears from any power of attorney given under this section, or from any evidence required for the purposes of any such power of attorney or otherwise, that in dealing with any stock the donee of the power is acting in the execution of a trust shall not be deemed for any purpose to affect any person in whose books the stock is inscribed or registered with any notice of the trust.

27. Power for trust corporations to act jointly as trustees and hold property as joint tenants

(1)A trust corporation shall be capable of being appointed a trustee jointly with another trust corporation or with an individual and of acquiring and holding any property, movable or immovable, in joint tenancy in the same manner as if it were an individual; and where a trust corporation and an individual, or two or more trust corporations, become entitled to any such property under circumstances or by virtue of any instrument which would, if the trust corporation had been an individual, have created a joint tenancy, they shall be entitled to the property as joint tenants.

(2)Where a trust corporation is a joint tenant of any property, then on its dissolution the property shall devolve on the other joint tenant.

[Act No. 8 of 1956, s. 3.]

Indemnities

28. Protection against liability in respect of rents and covenants

(1)Where a personal representative or trustee liable as such for—

(a)any rent, covenant or agreement reserved by or contained in a lease; or

(b)any rent, covenant or agreement payable under or contained in a grant-made in consideration of a rent-charge; or

(c)any indemnity given in respect of any rent, covenant or agreement referred to in either of the foregoing paragraphs,

satisfies all liabilities under the lease or grant which may have accrued, or been claimed, up to the date of the conveyance hereinafter mentioned, and, where necessary, sets apart a sufficient fund to answer any future claim that may be made in respect of any fixed and ascertained sum which the lessee or grantee agreed to lay out on the property demised or granted, although the period for laying out may not have arrived, then the personal representative or trustee may convey the property demised or granted to a purchaser, legatee, devisee or other person entitled to call for a conveyance thereof, and thereafter—

(i)he may distribute the residuary movable and immovable estate of the deceased testator or intestate, or as the case may be, the trust estate (other than the fund, if any, set apart) to or amongst the persons entitled thereto, without appropriating any part or any further part. as the case may be, of the estate of the deceased or of the trust estate to meet any future liability under the lease or grant;

(ii)notwithstanding the distribution, he shall not be personally liable in respect of any subsequent claim under the lease or grant.

(2)This section operates without prejudice to the right of the lessor or grantor, or the persons deriving title under the lessor or grantor, to follow the assets of the deceased or the trust property into the hands of the persons amongst whom they may have been respectively distributed, and applies notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the will or other instrument, if any, creating the trust.

(3)In this section, “lease” includes an under-lease and an agreement for a lease or under-lease and any instrument giving any such indemnity as aforesaid or varying the liabilities under the lease; “grant” applies to a grant whether the rent is created by limitation, grant, reservation, or otherwise, and includes an agreement for a grant and any instrument giving an indemnity referred to in subsection (1) or varying the liabilities under the grant; and “lessee” and “grantee” include persons respectively deriving the title under them.

29. Protection by means of advertisements

(1)With a view to the conveyance to or distribution among the persons entitled to any movable or immovable property, the trustees of a settlement or of a disposition on trust for sale or personal representatives may give notice by advertisement in the Gazette, and in a daily or weekly newspaper circulating in Kenya, and such other similar notices, including notices elsewhere than in Kenya, as would, in any special case, have been directed by a court of competent jurisdiction in an action for administration, of their intention to make the conveyance or distribution, and requiring any person interested to send to the trustees or personal representatives within the time, not being less than two months, fixed in the notice or, where more than one notice is given, in the last of the notices, particulars of his claim in respect of the property or any part thereof to which the notice relates.

(2)At the expiration of the time fixed by the notice, the trustees or personal representatives may convey or distribute the property or any part thereof to which the notice relates or among the persons entitled thereto, having regard only to the claims, whether formal or not, of which the trustees or personal representatives then had notice, and shall not, as respects the property so conveyed or distributed, be liable to any person of whose claim the trustees or personal representatives have not had notice at the time of conveyance or distribution; but nothing in this section—

(a)prejudices the right of any person to follow the property, or any property representing it into the hands of any person, other than a purchaser, who may have received it; or

(b)frees the trustees or personal representatives from any obligation to make searches or obtain official certificates of search similar to those which an intending purchaser would be advised to make or obtain.

(3)This section applies notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the will or other instrument, if any, creating the trust.

30. Protection in regard to notice

A trustee or personal representative acting for the purposes of more than one trust or estate shall not, in the absence of fraud, be affected by notice of any instrument, matter, fact or thing in relation to any particular trust or estate if he has obtained notice thereof merely by reason of his acting or having acted for the purposes of another trust or estate.

31. Exoneration of trustees in respect of certain powers of attorney

A trustee acting or paying money in good faith under or in pursuance of any power of attorney shall not be liable for such act or payment by reason of the fact that at the time of the act or payment the person who gave the power of attorney was subject to any disability or bankrupt or dead, or had done or suffered some act or thing to avoid the power, if this fact was not known to the trustee at the time of his so acting or paying:Provided that—

(i)nothing in this section shall affect the right of any person entitled to the money against the person to whom the payment is made;

(ii)the person so entitled shall have the same remedy against the person to whom the payment is made as he would have had against the trustee.

32. Implied indemnity of trustees

(1)A trustee shall be chargeable only for money and securities actually received by him notwithstanding his signing any receipt for the sake of conformity, and shall be answerable and accountable only for his own acts, receipts, neglects, or defaults, and not for those of any other trustee, nor for any banker, broker, or other person with whom any trust money or securities may be deposited, nor for the insufficiency or deficiency of any securities, nor for any other loss, unless it happens through his own wilful default.

(2)A trustee may reimburse himself or pay or discharge out of the trust premises all expenses incurred in or about the execution of the trusts or powers.

Maintenance, Advancement and Protective Trusts

33. Power to apply income for maintenance and to accumulate surplus income during a minority

(1)Where any property is held by trustees in trust for any person for any interest whatsoever, whether vested or contingent, then, subject to any prior interests or charges affecting that property—

(a)during the infancy of any such person, if his interest so long continues, the trustees may, at their sole discretion, pay to his parent or guardian, if any, or otherwise apply for or towards his maintenance, education or benefit, the whole or such part, if any, of the income of that property as may, in all the circumstances, be reasonable, whether or not there is—

(i)any other fund applicable to the same purpose; or

(ii)any person bound by law to provide for his maintenance or education; and

(b)if the person on attaining the age of twenty-one years has not a vested interest in the income, the trustees may thenceforth at their sole discretion pay the whole or such part, if any as they may think fit of the income of that property and of any accretion thereto under subsection (2) to him, until he either attains a vested interest therein or dies, or until failure of his interest:

Provided that, in deciding whether the whole or any part of the income of the property is during a minority to be paid or applied for the purposes specified in this subsection, the trustees shall have regard to the age of the infant and his requirements and generally to the circumstances of the case, and in particular to what other income, if any, is applicable for the same purposes; and where trustees have notice that the income of more than one fund is applicable for those purposes, then, so far as practicable, unless the entire income of the funds is paid or applied as aforesaid or the court otherwise directs, a proportionate part only of the income of each fund shall be so paid or applied.

(2)During the infancy of any such person, if his interest so long continues, the trustees shall accumulate all the residue of that income in the way of compound interest by investing it and the resulting income thereof from time to time in authorized investments, and shall hold those accumulations as follows—

(a)if any such person—

(i)attains the age of twenty-one years, or marries under that age, and his interest in the income during his infancy or until his marriage is a vested interest; or

(ii)on attaining the age of twenty-one years or on marriage under that age becomes absolutely entitled to the property from which the income arose,

the trustees shall hold the accumulations in trust for that person absolutely and so that the receipt of that person after marriage, and though still an infant, shall be a good discharge; and

(b)in any other case the trustees shall, notwithstanding that the person had a vested interest in the income, hold the accumulations as an accretion to the capital of the property from which the accumulations arose, and as one fund with the capital for all purposes,

but the trustees may, at any time during the infancy of the person if his interest so long continues, apply those accumulations, or any part thereof, as if they were income arising in the then current year.

(3)This section applies in the case of a contingent interest only if the limitation or trust carries the intermediate income of the property, but it applies to a future or contingent legacy by the parent of, or a person standing in loco parentis to, the legatee, if and for such period as under the general law the legacy carries interest for the maintenance of the legatee, and in any such case as last-mentioned the rate of interest shall (if the income available is sufficient and subject to any rules of court to the contrary) be five pounds per centum per annum.

(4)This section applies to a vested annuity as if the annuity were the income of property held by trustees in trust to pay the income thereof to the annuitant for the same period for which the annuity is payable, save that in any case accumulations made during the infancy of the annuitant shall be held in trust for the annuitant or his personal representatives absolutely.

(5)This section does not apply where the instrument, if any, under which the interest arises came into operation before the commencement of this Act.

34. Power of advancement

(1)Trustees may at any time or times pay or apply any capital money subject to a trust, for the advancement or benefit, in such manner as they may, in their absolute discretion, think fit, of any person entitled to the capital of the trust property or of any share thereof, whether absolutely or contingently on his attaining any specified age or on the occurrence of any other event, or subject to a gift over on his death under any specified age or on the occurrence of any other event, and whether in possession or in remainder or reversion, and the payment or application may be made notwithstanding that the interest of that person is liable to be defeated by the exercise of a power of appointment or revocation, or to be diminished by the increase of the class to which he belongs:Provided that—

(i)the money so paid or applied for the advancement or benefit of any person shall not exceed altogether in amount one-half of the presumptive or vested share or interest of that person in the trust property; and

(ii)if that person is or becomes absolutely and indefeasibly entitled to a share in the trust property the money so paid or applied shall be brought into account as part of that share; and

(iii)no such payment or application shall be made so as to prejudice any person entitled to any prior life or other interest, whether vested or contingent, in the money paid or applied unless that person is in existence and of full age and consents in writing to the payment or application.

(2)This section applies only where the trust property consists of money or securities or of property held upon trust for sale, calling in and conversion, and the money or securities or the proceeds of the sale, calling in and conversion are not by law or in equity considered as land.

(3)This section does not apply to trusts constituted or created before the commencement of this Act.

35. Protective trusts

(1)Where any income, including an annuity or other periodical income payment, is directed to be held on protective trusts for the benefit of any person (in this section called the principal beneficiary) for the period of his life or for, any less period, then, during that period (in this section called the trust period) the income shall, without prejudice to any prior interest, be held on the following trusts—

(a)upon trust for the principal beneficiary during the trust period or until he, whether before or after the termination of any prior interest, does or attempts to do or suffers any act or thing, or until any event happens, other than an advance under any statutory or express power, whereby, if the income were payable during the trust period to the principal beneficiary absolutely during that period, he would be deprived of the right to receive it or any part of it, in any of which cases, as well as on the termination of the trust period, whichever first happens, this trust of the income shall fail or determine;

(b)if the trust fails or determines during the subsistence of the trust period, then, during the residue of that period, the income shall be held upon trust for the application thereof for the maintenance or support, or otherwise for the benefit, of all or any one or more exclusively of the other or others of the following persons—

(i)the principal beneficiary and his or her wife or husband, if any, and his or her children or more remote issue, if any; or

(ii)if there is no wife or husband or issue of the principal beneficiary in existence, the principal beneficiary and the persons who would, if he were actually dead, be entitled to the trust property or the income thereof or to the annuity fund, if any, or arrears of the annuity, as the case may be,

as the trustees in their absolute discretion, without being liable to account for the exercise of that discretion, think fit.

(2)This section does not apply to trusts coming into operation before the commencement of this Act, and has effect subject to any variation of the implied trusts contained in the instrument creating the trust.

(3)Nothing in this section operates to validate any trust which would, if contained in the instrument creating the trust, be liable to be set aside.

Part IV – APPOINTMENT AND DISCHARGE OF TRUSTEES

36. Limitation of the number of trustees

(1)Where, at the commencement of this Act, there are more than four trustees holding land on trust for sale, no new trustees shall (except where as a result of the appointment the number is reduced to four or less) be capable of being appointed until the number is reduced to less than four, and thereafter the number shall not be increased beyond four.

(2)In the case of settlements and dispositions on trust for sale of land made or coming into operation after the commencement of this Act—

(a)the number of trustees thereof shall not in any case exceed four, and, where more than four persons are named as trustees, the four first named (who are able and willing to act) shall alone be the trustees, and the other persons named shall not be trustees unless appointed on the occurrence of a vacancy;

(b)the number of the trustees shall not be increased beyond four.

(3)This section only applies to settlements and dispositions of land, and the restrictions imposed on the number of trustees do not apply—

(a)in the case of land vested in trustees for charitable, ecclesiastical or public purposes; or

(b)where the net proceeds of the sale of the land are held for those purposes.

37. Power of appointing new or additional trustees

(1)Where a trustee, either original or substituted, and whether appointed by a court or otherwise, is dead, or remains out of Kenya for more than twelve months, or desires to be discharged from all or any of the trusts or powers reposed in or conferred on him, or refuses or is unfit to act therein, or is incapable of acting therein, or is an infant, then, subject to the restrictions imposed by this Act on the number of trustees—

(a)the person or persons nominated for the purpose of appointing new trustees by the instrument, if any, creating the trust; or

(b)if there is no such person, or no such person able and willing to act, then the surviving or continuing trustees or trustee for the time being, or the personal representative of the last surviving or continuing trustee,

may, in writing, appoint one or more other persons (whether or not being the person exercising the power) to be a trustee or trustees in the place of the trustee so deceased, remaining out of Kenya, desiring to be discharged, refusing, or being unfit or being incapable, or being an infant.

(2)Where a trustee has been removed under a power contained in the instrument creating the trust, a new trustee or new trustees may be appointed in the place of the trustee who is removed, as if he were dead, or, in the case of a corporation, as if the corporation desired to be discharged from the trust, and the provisions of this section shall apply accordingly, but subject to the restrictions imposed by this Act on the number of trustees.

(3)Where a corporation being a trustee is or has been dissolved either before or after the commencement of this Act, then, for the purposes of this section and of any enactment replaced thereby, the corporation shall be deemed to be and to have been from the date of the dissolution incapable of acting in the trusts or powers reposed in or conferred on the corporation.

(4)The power of appointment given by subsection (1) or any similar previous enactment to the personal representatives of a last surviving or continuing trustee shall be and shall be deemed always to have been exercisable by the executors for the time being (whether original or by representation) of the surviving or continuing trustee who have proved the will of their testator or by the administrators for the time being of the trustee without the concurrence of any executor who has renounced or has not proved.

(5)But a sole or last surviving executor intending to renounce, or all the executors where they all intend to renounce, shall have and shall be deemed always to have had power, at any time before renouncing probate, to exercise the power of appointment given by this section, or by any similar previous enactment, if willing to act for that purpose and without thereby accepting the office of executor.

(6)Where a sole trustee, other than a trust corporation, is or has been originally appointed to act in a trust, or where, in the case of any trust, there are not more than three trustees (none of them being a trust corporation) either original or substituted and whether appointed by the court or otherwise, then—

(a)the person or persons nominated for the purpose of appointing new trustees by the instrument, if any, creating the trust; or

(b)if there is no such person, or no such person able and willing to act, then the trustee or trustees for the time being,

may, in writing, appoint another person or other persons to be an additional trustee or additional trustees, but it shall not be obligatory to appoint any additional trustee unless the instrument, if any, creating the trust or any law provides to the contrary, nor shall the number of trustees be increased beyond four by virtue of any such appointment.

(7)Every new trustee appointed under this section as well before as after all the trust property becomes by law or by assurance or otherwise vested in him, shall have the same powers, authorities and discretion, and may in all respects act, as if he had been originally appointed a trustee by the instrument, if any, creating the trust.

(8)The provisions of this section relating to a trustee who is dead include the case of a person nominated trustee in a will but dying before the testator, and those relative to a continuing trustee include a refusing or retiring trustee, if willing to act in the execution of the provisions of this section.

(9)Where a lunatic or defective, being a trustee, is also entitled in possession to some beneficial interest in the trust property, no appointment of a new trustee in his place shall be made by the continuing trustees or trustee, under this section, unless leave has been given by a judge to make the appointment.

38. Supplemental provisions as to appointment of trustees

(1)On the appointment of a trustee for the whole or supplemental any part of trust property—

(a)the number of trustees may, subject to the restrictions imposed by this Act on the number of trustees, be increased; and

(b)a separate set of trustees, not exceeding four, may be appointed for any part of the trust property held on trusts distinct from those relating to any other part or parts of the trust property, notwithstanding that no new trustees or trustee are or is to be appointed for other parts of the trust property, and any existing trustee may be appointed or remain one of that separate set of trustees, or, if only one trustee was originally appointed, then, save as hereinafter provided, one separate trustee may be so appointed; and

(c)it shall not be obligatory, save as hereinafter provided, to appoint more than one new trustee where only one trustee was originally appointed, or to fill up the original number of trustees where more than two trustees were originally appointed, but, except where only one trustee was originally appointed and a sole trustee when appointed will be able to give valid receipts for all capital money, a trustee shall not be discharged from his trust unless there will be either a trust corporation or at least two individuals to act as trustees to perform the trust; and

(d)any assurance or thing requisite for vesting the trust property, or any part thereof, in a sole trustee, or jointly in the persons who are the trustees, shall be executed or done.

(2)Nothing in this Act shall authorize the appointment of a sole trustee, not being a trust corporation, where the trustee, when appointed, would not be able to give valid receipts for all capital money arising under the trust.

39. Evidence as to a vacancy in a trust

(1)A statement, contained in any instrument coming into operation after, the commencement of this Act by which a new trustee is appointed for any purpose connected with land, to the effect that a trustee has remained out of Kenya for more than twelve months or refuses or is unfit to act or is incapable of acting or that he is not entitled to a beneficial interest in the trust property, in possession, shall, in favour of a purchaser of a legal estate, be conclusive evidence of the matter stated.

(2)In favour of such purchaser any appointment of a new trustee depending on that statement, and any vesting declaration, express or implied, consequent on the appointment, shall be valid.

40. Retirement of trustee without a new appointment

(1)Where a trustee is desirous of being discharged from the trusts and after his discharge there will be either a trust corporation or at least two individuals to act as trustees to perform the trust, then, if that trustee by deed declares that he is desirous of being discharged from the trust, and if his co-trustees and such Trustee other person, if any, as is empowered to appoint trustees by deed consent to the discharge of the trustee, and to the vesting in the co-trustees alone of the trust property, the trustee desirous of being discharged shall be deemed to have retired from the trust, and shall, by the deed, be discharged therefrom under this Act without any new trustee being appointed in his place.

(2)Any assurance or thing requisite for vesting the trust property in the continuing trustees alone shall be executed or done.

41. Vesting of trust property in new or continuing trustees

(1)Where by a deed a new trustee is appointed to perform any trust, then—

(a)if the deed contains a declaration by the appointor to the effect that any estate or interest in any land subject to the trust, or in any chattel so subject, or the right to recover or receive any debt or other thing in action so subject, shall vest in the persons who by virtue of the deed become or are the trustees for performing the trust, the deed shall operate, without any conveyance or assignment, to vest in those persons as joint tenants and for the purposes of the trust the estate, interest or right to which the declaration relates; and

(b)if the deed is made after the commencement of this Act and does not contain such a declaration, the deed shall, subject to any express provision to the contrary therein contained, operate as if it had contained such a declaration by the appoint or extending to all the estates, interests and rights with respect to which a declaration could have been made.

(2)Where by a deed a retiring trustee is discharged under the statutory power without a new trustee being appointed, then—

(a)if the deed contains a declaration referred to in subsection (1) by the retiring and continuing trustees, and by the other person, if any, empowered to appoint trustees, the deed shall, without any conveyance or assignment, operate to vest in the continuing trustees alone, as joint tenants, and for the purposes of the trust, the estate, interest, or right to which the declaration relates; and

(b)if the deed is made after the commencement of this Act and does not contain such a declaration, the deed shall, subject to any express provision to the contrary therein contained, operate as if it had contained such a declaration by such persons extending to all the estates, interests and rights with respect to which a declaration could have been made.

(3)An express vesting declaration, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act, shall, notwithstanding that the estate, interest or right to be vested is not expressly referred to, and provided that the other statutory requirements were or are complied with, operate and be deemed always to have operated (but without prejudice to any express provision to the contrary contained in the deed of appointment or discharge) to vest in the persons respectively referred to in subsections (1) and (2), as the case may require, such estates, interests and rights as are capable of being and ought to be vested in those persons.

(4)This section does not extend—

(a)to land conveyed by way of mortgage for securing money subject to the trust, except land conveyed on trust for securing debentures or debenture stock;

(b)to land held under a lease which contains any covenant, condition or agreement against assignment or disposing of the land without licence or consent, unless, prior to the execution of the deed containing expressly or impliedly the vesting declaration, the requisite licence or consent has been obtained, or unless, by virtue of any enactment or rule of law, the vesting declaration, express or implied, would not operate as a breach of covenant or give rise to a forfeiture;

(c)to any share, stock, annuity or property which is only transferable in books kept by a company or other body, or in a manner directed by or under any written law,

and in this subsection “lease” includes an under-lease and an agreement for a lease or under-lease.

(5)For purposes of registration of the deed in any registry, the person or persons making the declaration, expressly or impliedly, shall be deemed the conveying party or parties, and the conveyance shall be deemed to be made by him or them under a power conferred by this Act.

Part V – POWERS OF NEW TRUSTEES

Appointment of New Trustees

42. Power of court to appoint new trustees

(1)The court may, whenever it is expedient to appoint a new trustee or new trustees, and it is found inexpedient, difficult or impracticable to do so without the assistance of the court, make an order appointing a new trustee or new trustees either in substitution for or in addition to any existing trustee or trustees, or although there is no existing trustee.

(2)In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the court may make an order appointing a new trustee in substitution for a trustee who is convicted of felony, or is a lunatic or a defective, or is a bankrupt, or is a corporation which is in liquidation or has been dissolved.

(3)An order under this section, and any consequential vesting order or conveyance, shall not operate further or otherwise as a discharge to any former or continuing trustee than an appointment of new trustees under any power for that purpose contained in any instrument would have operated.

(4)Nothing in this section gives power to appoint an executor or administrator.

43. Power to authorize remuneration

Where the court appoints a person or corporation, other than the Public Trustee, to be a trustee either solely or jointly with another person, the court may authorize that person or corporation to charge such remuneration for his or its services as trustee as the court may think fit.

44. Powers of new trustee appointed by the court

Every trustee appointed by a court of competent jurisdiction shall, as well before as after the trust property becomes by law, or by assurance, or otherwise, vested in him, have the same powers, authorities, and discretions, and may in all respects act, as if he had been originally appointed a trustee by the instrument, if any, creating the trust.

Vesting Orders

45. Vesting orders of land In any of the following cases—

(a)where the court appoints or has appointed a trustee, or where a trustee has been appointed out of court under any statutory or express power;

(b)where a trustee entitled to or possessed of any land or interest therein, whether by way of mortgage or otherwise, or entitled to a contingent right therein, either solely or jointly with any other person—

(i)is under disability; or

(ii)is out of the jurisdiction of the court; or

(iii)cannot be found, or, being a corporation, has been dissolved.

(c)where it is uncertain who was the survivor of two or more trustees jointly entitled to or possessed of any interest in land;

(d)where it is uncertain whether the last trustee known to have been entitled to or possessed of any interest in land is living or dead;

(e)where there is no personal representative of a deceased trustee who was entitled to or possessed of any interest in land, or where it is uncertain who is the personal representative of a deceased trustee who was entitled to or possessed of any interest in land;

(f)where a trustee jointly or solely entitled to or possessed of any interest in land, or entitled to a contingent right therein, has been required, by or on behalf of a person entitled to require a conveyance of the land or interest or a release of the right, to convey the land or interest or to release the right, and has wilfully refused or neglected to convey the land or interest or release the right for twenty-eight days after the date of the requirement;

(g)where land or any interest therein is vested in a trustee, whether by way of mortgage or otherwise and it appears to the court to be expedient,

the court may make an order (in this Act called a vesting order) vesting the land or interest therein in any such person in any such manner and for any such estate or interest as the court may direct, or releasing or disposing of the contingent right to such person as the court may direct:Provided that—

(i)where the order is consequential on the appointment of a trustee, the land or interest therein shall be vested for such estate as the court may direct in the persons who, on the appointment, are the trustees; and

(ii)where the order relates to a trustee entitled or formerly entitled jointly with another person, and that trustee is under disability or out of the jurisdiction of the court or cannot be found, or being a corporation has been dissolved, the land, interest or right shall be vested in the other person who remains entitled, either alone or with any other person the court may appoint.

46. Orders as to contingent rights of unborn persons

Where any interest in land is subject to a contingent right in an unborn person or class of unborn persons who, on coming into existence, would, in respect thereof, become entitled to or possessed of that interest on any trust, the court may make an order releasing the land or interest therein from the contingent right, or may make an order vesting in any person the estate or interest to or of which the unborn person or class of unborn persons would, on coming into existence, be entitled or possessed in the land.

47. Vesting order in place of conveyance by infant mortgagee

Where any person entitled to or possessed of any interest in land, or entitled to a contingent right in land, by way of security for money, is an infant, the court may make an order vesting or releasing or disposing of the interest in the land or the right in the same manner as in the case of a trustee under disability.

48. Vesting order consequential on order for sale or mortgage of land

Where any court gives a judgment or makes an order directing the sale or mortgage of any land, every person who is entitled to or possessed of any interest in the land, or entitled to a contingent right therein, and is a party to the action or proceeding in which the judgment or order is given or made or is otherwise bound by the judgment or order, shall be deemed to be so entitled or possessed, as the case may be, as a trustee for the purposes of this Act, and the court may make an order vesting the land or any part thereof for such estate or interest as the court thinks fit in the purchaser or mortgagee or in any other person.

49. Vesting order consequential on judgment for specific performance, etc.

Where a judgment is given for the specific performance of a contract concerning any interest in land, or for sale or exchange of any interest in land, or generally where any judgment is given for the conveyance of any interest in land either in cases arising out of the doctrine of election or otherwise, the court may declare—

(a)that any of the parties to the action are trustees of any interest in the land or any part thereof within the meaning of this Act; or

(b)that the interests of unborn persons who might claim under any party to the action, or under the will or voluntary settlement of any deceased person who was during his lifetime a party to the contract or transaction concerning which the judgment is given, are the interests of persons who, on coming into existence, would be trustees within the meaning of this Act,

and thereupon the court may make a vesting order relating to the rights of those persons, born and unborn, as if they had been trustees.

50. Effect of vesting order

A vesting order under any of the foregoing provisions shall, in the case of a vesting order consequential on the appointment of a trustee, have the same effect—

(a)as if the persons who before the appointment were the trustees, if any, had duly executed all proper conveyances of the land for such estate or interest as the court directs; or

(b)if there is no such person, or no such person of full capacity, as if such person had existed and been of full capacity and had duly executed all proper conveyances of the land for such estate or interest as the court directs,

and shall in every other case have the same effect as if the trustee or other person or description or class of persons to whose rights or supposed rights those provisions respectively relate had been an ascertained and existing person of full capacity, and had executed a conveyance or release to the effect intended by the order.

51. Power to appoint person to convey

In all cases where a vesting order can be made under any of the foregoing provisions, the court may, if it is more convenient, appoint a person to convey the land or any interest therein or release the contingent right, and a conveyance or release by that person in conformity with the order shall have the same effect as an order made under the appropriate provision.

52. Vesting orders as to stock and things in action

(1)In any of the following cases—

(a)where the court appoints or has appointed a trustee, or where a trustee has been appointed out of court under any statutory or express power;

(b)where a trustee entitled, whether by way of mortgage or otherwise, alone or jointly with another person to stock or to a thing in action—

(i)is under disability; or

(ii)is out of the jurisdiction of the court; or

(iii)cannot be found, or, being a corporation, has been dissolved; or Trustee

(iv)neglects or refuses to transfer stock or receive the dividends or income thereof, or to sue for or recover a thing in action, according to the direction of the person absolutely entitled thereto, for twenty-eight days next after a request in writing has been made to him by the person so entitled; or

(v)neglects or refuses to transfer stock or receive the dividends or income thereof, or to sue for or recover a thing in action, for twenty-eight days next after an order of the court for that purpose has been served on him;

(c)where it is uncertain whether a trustee entitled alone or jointly with another person to stock or to a thing in action is alive or dead;

(d)where stock is standing in the name of a deceased person whose personal representative is under disability;

(e)where stock or a thing in action is vested in a trustee whether by way of mortgage or otherwise and it appears to the court to be expedient, the court may make an order vesting the right to transfer or call for a transfer of stock, or to receive the dividends or income thereof, or to sue for or recover the thing in action, in any such person as the court may appoint:

Provided that—

(i)where the order is consequential on the appointment of a trustee, the right shall be vested in the persons who, on the appointment, are the trustees; and

(ii)where the person whose right is dealt with by the order was entitled jointly with another person, the right shall be vested in that last-mentioned person either alone or jointly with any other person whom the court may appoint.

(2)In all cases where a vesting order can be made under this section, the court may, if it is more convenient, appoint some proper person to make or join in making the transfer:Provided that the person appointed to make or join in making a transfer of stock shall be some proper officer of the bank, or the company or society whose stock is to be transferred.

(3)The person in whom the right to transfer or call for the transfer of any stock is vested by an order of the court under this Act may transfer the stock to himself or any other person, according to the order, and all corporations, associations and companies shall obey every order under this section according to its tenor.

(4)After notice in writing of an order under this section no corporation, association or company shall transfer any stock to which the order relates or to pay any dividends thereon except in accordance with the order.

(5)The court may make declarations and give directions concerning the manner in which the right to transfer any stock or thing in action vested under the provisions of this Act is to be exercised.

(6)The provisions of this Act as to vesting orders shall apply to shares in ships registered under any written law relating to merchant shipping as if they were stock.

53. Vesting orders of charity property

The powers conferred by this Act as to vesting orders may be exercised for vesting any interest in land, stock or thing in action in any trustee of a charity or society over which the court would have jurisdiction upon action duly instituted, whether the appointment of the trustee was made by instrument under a power or by the court under its general or statutory jurisdiction.

54. Vesting orders in relation to infant’s beneficial interests

Where an infant is beneficially entitled to any property, the court may, with a view to the application of the capital or income thereof for the maintenance, education or benefit of the infant, make an order—

(a)appointing a person to convey the property; or

(b)in the case of stock, or a thing in action, vesting in any person the right to transfer or call for a transfer of the stock, or to receive the dividends or income thereof, or to sue for and recover the thing in action, upon such terms as the court may think fit.

55. Orders made upon certain allegations to be conclusive evidence

Where a vesting order is made as to any land under this Act founded on an allegation of any of the following matters—

(a)the personal incapacity of a trustee or mortgagee; or

(b)that a trustee or mortgagee or the personal representative of or other person deriving title under a trustee or mortgagee is out of the jurisdiction of the court or cannot be found, or being a corporation has been dissolved; or

(c)that it is uncertain which of two or more trustees, or which of two or more persons interested in a mortgage was the survivor; or

(d)that it is uncertain whether the last trustee or the personal representative of or other person deriving title under a trustee or mortgagee, or the last surviving person interested in a mortgage, is living or dead; or

(e)that any trustee or mortgagee has died intestate without leaving a person beneficially interested under the intestacy or has died and it is not known who is his personal representative or the person interested,

the fact that the order has been so made shall be conclusive evidence of the matter so alleged in any court upon any question as to the validity of the order; but this section does not prevent the court from directing a reconveyance or surrender or the payment of costs occasioned by any such order if improperly obtained.

Jurisdiction to Make Other Orders

56. Power of court to authorize dealings with trust property

(1)Where, in the management or administration of any property vested in trustees, any sale, lease, mortgage, surrender, release or other disposition, or any purchase, investment, acquisition, expenditure or other transaction, is in the opinion of the court expedient, but cannot be effected by reason of the absence of a power for that purpose vested in the trustees by the trust instrument, if any, or by law, the court may by order confer upon the trustees either generally or in any particular instance the necessary power for the purpose, on such terms, and subject to such provisions and conditions, if any, as the court may think fit, and may direct in what manner any money authorized to be expended, and the costs of any transaction, are to be paid or borne as between capital and income.

(2)The court may, from time to time, rescind or vary an order made under this section, or may make any new or further order.

(3)An application to the court under this section may be made by the trustees, or by any of them, or by any person beneficially interested under the trust.

57. Persons entitled to apply for orders

(1)An order under this Act for the appointment of a new trustee, or concerning any interest in land, stock or thing in action subject to a trust, may be made on the application of any person beneficially interested in the land, stock or thing in action, whether under disability or not, or on the application of any person duly appointed trustee thereof.

(2)An order under this Act concerning any interest in land, stock or thing in action subject to a mortgage may be made on the application of any person beneficially interested in the equity of redemption, whether under disability or not, or of any person interested in the money secured by the mortgage.

58. Power to give judgment in absence of a trustee

Where in any action the court is satisfied that diligent search has been made for any person who, in the character of trustee, is made a defendant in any action, to serve him with a process of the court, and that he cannot be found, the court may hear and determine the action and give judgment therein against that person in his character of a trustee as if he had been duly served, or had entered an appearance in the action, and had also appeared by his advocate at the hearing, but without prejudice to any interest he may have in the matters in question in the action in any other character.

59. Power to charge costs on trust estate

The court may order the costs and expenses of and incidental to an application for an order appointing a new trustee, or for a vesting order, or of and incidental to any such order, or any conveyance or transfer in pursuance thereof, to be raised and paid out of the property in respect whereof it is made, or out of the income thereof, or to be borne and paid in such manner and by such persons as to the court may seem just.

60. Power to relieve trustee from personal liability

If it appears to the court that a trustee, whether appointed by the court or otherwise, is or may be personally liable for any breach of trust, whether the transaction alleged to be a breach of trust occurred before or after the commencement of this Act, but has acted honestly and reasonably, and ought fairly to be excused for the breach of trust and for omitting to obtain the directions of the court in the matter in which he committed the breach, then the court may relieve him either wholly or partly from personal liability for it.

61. Power to make beneficiary indemnify for breach of trust

(1)Where a trustee commits a breach of trust at the instigation or request or with the consent in writing of a beneficiary, the court may, notwithstanding that the beneficiary may be a married woman restrained from anticipation, make such order as to the court seems just, for impounding all or any part of the interest of the beneficiary in the trust estate by way of indemnity to the trustee or persons claiming through him.

(2)This section applies to breaches of trust committed as well before as after the commencement of this Act.

62. Power to vary trusts

(1)Where property, whether movable or immovable, is held on trusts arising, whether before or after the commencement of this section, under any will, settlement or other disposition, the court may by order approve on behalf of—

(a)any person having, directly or indirectly, an interest, whether vested or contingent, under the trusts who by reason of infancy or other incapacity is incapable of assenting; or

(b)any person (whether ascertained or not) who may become entitled, directly or indirectly, to an interest under the trusts as being at a future date or on the happening of a future event a person of any specified description or a member of any specified class of persons, so however that this paragraph shall not include any person who would be of that description, or a member of that class, as the case may be, if that date had fallen or that event had happened at the date of the application to the court; or

(c)any person unborn; or

(d)any person in respect of any discretionary interest of his under protective trusts where the interest of the principal beneficiary has not failed or determined,

any arrangement (by whomsoever proposed, and whether or not there is any other person beneficially interested who is capable of assenting thereto) varying or revoking all or any of the trusts, or enlarging the powers of the trustees of managing or administering any of the property subject to the trusts:Provided that, except by virtue of paragraph (d), the court shall not approve an arrangement on behalf of any person unless the carrying out thereof would be for the benefit of that person.

(2)In subsection (1) of this section, “protective trusts” means the trusts specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (1) of section 35, or any similar trusts;“principal beneficiary” has the same meaning as in subsection (1) of section 35; and“discretionary interest” means an interest arising under the trust specified in paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of section 35 of any similar trust.

(3)Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall apply to trusts affecting property settled by any written law.

(4)Nothing in this section shall be taken to limit the powers conferred by section56, or the powers of the court conferred by the Mental Treatment Act (Cap. 248).

[Act No. 47 of 1959, s. 2.]

Payment into Court

63. Payment into court by trustees

(1)Trustees, or the majority of trustees, having in their hands or under their control money or securities belonging to a trust, may pay it or them into court to be dealt with, subject to rules of court, according to the orders of the court.

(2)The receipt or certificate of the proper officer shall be a sufficient discharge to trustees for the money or securities so paid into court.

(3)Where money or securities are vested in any persons as trustees, and the majority are desirous of paying it or them into court, but the concurrence of the other or others cannot be obtained, the court may order the payment into court to be made by the majority without the concurrence of the other or others.

(4)Where any such money or securities are deposited with any banker, broker, or other depositary, the court may order payment or delivery of the money or securities to the majority of the trustees for the purpose of payment into court.

(5)Every transfer, payment and delivery made in pursuance of any such order shall be valid and take effect as if it had been made on the authority or by the act of all the persons entitled to the money and securities so transferred paid or delivered.

Part VI – GENERAL

64. Indemnity for acts done pursuant to Act

This Act, and every order purporting to be made under this Act, shall be a complete indemnity to all persons for any acts done pursuant thereto, and it shall not be necessary for any person to inquire concerning the propriety of the order, or whether the court by which the order was made had jurisdiction to make it.

65. Rules of court

The Chief Justice may make rules of court regulating the practice and procedure in respect of any proceedings in the High Court under this Act.

66. Act binding on Government

The provisions of this Act bind the Government.

SCHEDULE

PROVISIONS APPLICABLE WHERE PART OF THE TRUST FUND IS INVESTED IN A SECURITY OTHER THAN A FIXED-INTEREST SECURITY [Section 4(2)]

[Act No. 22 of 1967, s. 5.]

1.InterpretationIn this Schedule—“compensating transfer”, in relation to any transferred property, means a transfer in the opposite direction of property of equal value;“wider-range security” means a security other than a fixed-interest security

2.Restriction on investment in one companyNo more than one-eighth part in value of the trust fund or the sum of ten thousand shillings, whichever is the greater, shall be invested in the securities of any one company or unit trust.

3.Division of trust fund

(1)A trustee may not make or retain any wider-range security unless the trust fund has been divided into two parts (in this Schedule respectively referred to as the fixed-interest part and the wider-range part), the parts being, subject to the provisions of this Schedule, equal in value at the time of the division; and where such a division has been made no subsequent division of the trust fund shall be made for the purpose of this Schedule, and no property shall be transferred from one part of the trust fund to the other unless either—

(a)the transfer is authorized or required by the following provisions of this Schedule; or

(b)a compensating transfer is made at the same time.

(2)Property belonging to the fixed-interest range part of a trust fund shall not be invested except in fixed-interest securities, and any property invested in any other manner which is or becomes comprised in that part of the trust fund shall either be transferred to the widerrange part of the trust fund, with a compensating transfer, or reinvested in fixed-interest securities as soon as is practicable.

4.Accrual to part of trust fund

(1)Where any property (not being income) accrues to a trust fund after the fund has been divided in pursuance of paragraph 3 of this Schedule, then—

(a)if the property accrues to the trustee as owner or former owner of property comprised in either part of the trust fund, it shall be treated as belonging to that part of the trust fund;

(b)in any other case, the trustee shall secure, by apportionment of the accruing property or the transfer of property from one part of the trust fund to the other, or both, that the value of each part of the fund is increased by the same amount.

(2)Where a trustee acquires property in consideration of a money payment, the acquisition of the property shall be treated for the purposes of this paragraph as investment and not as the accrual of property to the trust fund, notwithstanding that the amount of the consideration is less than the value of the property acquired.

5.Discretion where property taken out of trust fundWhere in the exercise of any power or duty of a trustee property falls to be taken out of the trust fund, nothing in this Schedule shall restrict his discretion as to the choice of property to be taken out.

6.Valuation for purposes of divisionIf, for the purposes of this Schedule, a trustee obtains a valuation in writing of property from a person he reasonably believes to be qualified to make it, the valuation shall be conclusive in determining whether the division of the trust fund, or any transfer or appointment of property, made under this Schedule has been duly made, notwithstanding that the valuation is made by a person in the course of his employment as an officer or servant.

7.Duty of trustee in choosing investments

(1)In the exercise of his powers of investment a trustee shall have regard to—

(a)the need for diversification of investments of the trust, in so far as is appropriate to the circumstances of the trust; and

(b)the suitability to the trust of investments of the kind proposed and of the investment proposed as an investment of that kind.

(2)Before investing in a particular wider-range security the trustee shall obtain and consider proper advice in writing on the question whether the investment is satisfactory having regard to the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subparagraph (1).

(3)A trustee retaining a wider-range security shall determine at what intervals the circumstances, and in particular the nature of the security, make it desirable to obtain proper advice on the question whether the security is a satisfactory investment having regard to the matters mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subparagraph (1).

(4)For the purposes of subparagraphs (2) and (3), proper advice is the advice of a person whom the trustee reasonably believes to be qualified by his ability in and practical experience of financial matters; and such advice may be given by a person notwithstanding that he gives it in the course of his employment as an officer or servant.

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History of this document

10 November 1978 this version

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1978

20 April 1974

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1974

17 November 1972

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1972

11 June 1971

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1971

27 June 1969

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1969

25 August 1967

Amended by Trustee (Amendment) Act, 1967

21 April 1967

Amended by Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1967

12 December 1963

Amended by Kenya (Amendment of Laws) (Written Laws) Order, 1963

Amended by Kenya (Amendment of laws) (Miscellanous Amendments) (No. 3) Order, 1964

07 December 1960

Amended by Kenya (Land) Order in Council, 1960

17 November 1959

Amended by Variation of Trusts Ordinance, 1959

28 July 1959

Amended by Land Consolidation Act

11 December 1948

Amended by Trustee (Amendment) Ordinance, 1948

22 November 1929

Published in Kenya Gazette 61

16 November 1929

Assented to

Commenced

Cited documents 9

Act 9

1.	Land Registration Act	5880 citations
2.	Law of Succession Act	4192 citations
3.	Land Act	3533 citations
4.	County Governments Act	1553 citations
5.	Companies Act	1532 citations
6.	National Land Commission Act	373 citations
7.	Banking Act	348 citations
8.	Mental Health Act	323 citations
9.	Building Societies Act	21 citations

Documents citing this one 51

Judgment 43

1.	Mumba & 7 others (Sued on their own behalf and on behalf of predecessors and or successors in title in their capacities as the Registered Trustees of Kenya Ports Authority Pensions Scheme) v Munyao & 148 others (Suing on their own behalf and on behalf of the Plaintiffs and other Members/Beneficiaries of the Kenya Ports Authority Pensions Scheme) (Petition 3 of 2016) [2019] KESC 83 (KLR) (8 November 2019) (Judgment)	11 citations
2.	Shah & 7 others v Mombasa Bricks & Tiles Limited & 5 others (Petition 18 (E020) of 2022) [2023] KESC 106 (KLR) (28 December 2023) (Judgment)	3 citations
3.	Adika v Embassy of Sweden Nairobi (Employment and Labour Relations Petition E144 of 2023) [2024] KEELRC 2608 (KLR) (24 October 2024) (Judgment)
4.	Crane & another v Kamau & another (Environment & Land Case 598 of 2014) [2024] KEELC 6392 (KLR) (3 October 2024) (Judgment)
5.	Gathogo (Suing as the Legal Representative of Peter Gathogo Githinji - Deceased) v Wahome & 3 others (Environment and Land Appeal E016 of 2023) [2024] KEELC 5067 (KLR) (4 July 2024) (Judgment)
6.	In re AYHA (Miscellaneous Application E111 of 2024) [2024] KEHC 14165 (KLR) (Family) (7 November 2024) (Judgment)
7.	In re Application on Behalf of PNM (Petition E072 of 2024) [2024] KEHC 10407 (KLR) (Family) (23 August 2024) (Judgment)
8.	In re CBD & another (Minors) (Environment and Land Miscellaneous Application E008 of 2024) [2024] KEELC 4547 (KLR) (6 June 2024) (Ruling)
9.	In re Estate of AFO (A person suffering from mental disorder) (Miscellaneous Application E167 of 2021) [2024] KEHC 13679 (KLR) (Family) (8 November 2024) (Judgment)
10.	In re Estate of Benedict Eliud Ouma (Deceased) (Succession Cause 372 of 2008) [2024] KEHC 3581 (KLR) (25 March 2024) (Ruling)

Act 5

1.	Limitation of Actions Act	3088 citations
2.	Tax Procedures Act	1243 citations
3.	Unclaimed Financial Assets Act	135 citations
4.	Public Health Act	94 citations
5.	Public Trustee Act	4 citations

Legal Notice 3

1.	The Statutory Instruments (Exemption from Expiry) Regulations	1 citation
2.	The Capital Markets (Real Estate Investment Trusts) (Collective Investment Schemes) Regulations
3.	The Statutory Instruments (Exemption from Expiry) Regulations

Subsidiary legislation

Title		Date
The Trustee Act - Certificate Under Section 4(1)(D)	Legal Notice 172 of 1969	25 July 1969