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Rockland Kenya Limited v Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Mining & another (Petition 200 of 2019) [2023] KEHC 17264 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (12 May 2023) (Judgment)

Rockland Kenya Limited v Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Mining & another (Petition 200 of 2019) [2023] KEHC 17264 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (12 May 2023) (Judgment)
Citation
Rockland Kenya Limited v Cabinet Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Mining & another [2023] KEHC 17264 (KLR)
Media Neutral Citation
[2023] KEHC 17264 (KLR)
Court
High Court
Court station
High Court at Nairobi (Milimani Law Courts)
Outcome
Dismissed
Case number
Petition 200 of 2019
Judges
HI Ong'udi
Judgment date
12 May 2023
Language
English
Type
Judgment
Original source file
Download DOCX (62.6 KB)
Collections
Date published
18 May 2023
Case action
Judgment
Court division
Constitutional and Human Rights
Filing county
Nairobi
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1.The petition dated May 24, 2019 was filed for the alleged violation of the petitioner’s rights under article 27(4) and 40(2)(b) of the Constitution.This is with reference to section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017. Accordingly, the petitioner seeks the following orders:i.Conservatory Orders be issued staying any further implementation of section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017.ii.A declaration that by its administrative act with the introduction of section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 the 1st respondent has caused a breach of the petitioner’s right and fundamental freedom to equality and freedom of discrimination as allowed under article 27(4) of the Constitution.iii.A declaration that by its administrative act with the introduction of section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 the 1st respondent has caused a breach of the petitioner’s right and fundamental freedom to the right to property as allowed under article 40(2)(b) of the Constitution.iv.This court do issue a declaration that section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 are unconstitutional.v.This court do issue a declaration that as a result of the acts and omissions by the 1st respondent the petitioner is deserving of damages to be ascertained by this court.vi.Costs of this petition.
The Petitioner’s case
2.At the center of this petition is the constitutionality of section 183 of the Mining Act 2016 as read with the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017. The petition is supported by the petitioner’s affidavit dated May 24, 2019 and further affidavit dated February 16, 2023 both sworn by Hon. Johnstone Muthama.
3.The deponent averred that the petitioner is the holder of the Special Mining Lease No 19 dated August 15, 1991 and deals with mining business within Tsavo West National Park. He deposed that the petitioner’s mining area is not Community Land as the nearest human settlement is 45 kilometers away. He deponed that the petitioner is required to make yearly rental and royalty payments to the 1st respondent as provided under section 183 of the Mining Act 2016.The rates of these payments are distributed as 70% to the National Government, 20% to the County Government and 10% to the Community are set in the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013. Further in compliance with the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 the petitioner is required to at least pay 1% of its annual gross revenue to projects identified in the Community Development Agreement. Equally the petitioner is required to also pay statutory taxes.
4.He further deponed that on March 11, 2019, the petitioner received a letter from the Regional Mines Officer Taita Taveta Region informing it to attend a meeting the next day in the town of Kasigau which they attended. The purpose of the meeting was formation of a Community Development Agreement Committee. The petitioner, however, objected to this move vide its response to the Regional Mines Officer. Its objection was not responded to. The petitioner also wrote to the Kenya Revenue Authority indicating their grievance to the imposition of the 1% by the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017.
5.The petitioner is aggrieved that the imposition of the royalty under section 183 of the Mining Act and the 1% as provided in under regulation 12(1) of the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 is a quasi-form of taxation against it’s revenue. He deposed that this is discriminatory because other registered companies in Kenya are not required to pay such monies. He further deposed that since the mine is in the Tsavo National Park it falls under public land. While referring to section 183 of the Mining Act, he averred that the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 had been enacted in violation of the requirement of public participation under section 5(1) of the Statutory Instruments Act 2013.
6.He similarly deponed that the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 are unconstitutional as they seek to impose on the petitioner a duty which ought to be borne by the Government. He averred that these regulations were enacted in contravention of section 5(1) of the Statutory Instruments Act 2013. That the 1st respondent’s actions had breached its constitutional rights under article 27(4) and 40(2)(b) of the Constitution.
7.In response to the respondents’ affidavit, it was stressed that the respondents had not shown that actual public participation had been conducted in accordance with the law. He similarly deposed that the alleged public participation meeting as presented by the respondents was not within the petitioner’s knowledge because they were never invited to the meeting or even aware of it’s taking place.
The Respondents’ case
8.The respondents through the 2nd respondent filed their response through the replying affidavit sworn by Raymond M Mutiso dated September 10, 2020. He averred that the Mining Act, 2016 was enacted to give effect to the provisions of articles 60, 62, 66(2), 69 and 72 of the Constitution. He noted that under article 62(1)(f) of the Constitution all minerals and mineral oils are classified as public land. Further that under article 62(3) all these minerals and mineral oils vest in the National Government and are held in trust for the people of Kenya.
9.He additionally, deposed that in line with article 69 of the Constitution the benefits of these minerals and mineral oils must accrue and equitably benefit the communities. He stressed that the obligations of the Mining License Holder are set out under section 109(i) of the Mining Act which requires the holder to sign a Community Development Agreement with the community where the mining operations are to be carried out. Denying the petitioner’s allegations, he averred that the impugned Regulations were made in compliance with section 5(1) of the Statutory Instruments Act, as extensive public participation was conducted as required by law.
10.He further deposed that whereas the petitioner claimed that the impugned Regulations were discriminatory, he noted that section 183(1) of the Mining Act clearly provides for payment of a percentage to develop the communities. Further that the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 provide the framework that regulates the way mining companies engage with the communities that are likely to be impacted by the mining operations. That these laws were only applicable to persons conducting mining and hence companies not holding mining licenses cannot be subjected to the said provisions.
11.He deponed that the challenge to the impugned Regulations had no rational basis since royalties are paid as compensation for the right of resources owned by the State and belonging to the people of Kenya, and so no person can claim to have possession of the minerals. He pointed out that payment of royalties which is distinct from payment of taxes is the custom the world over and the applicable rates are based on the global rates.
12.He deposed that owing to section 225 of the Mining Act, 2016, the petitioner’s business was classified as large-scale operations. The Section hence requires the petitioner to update its mine plan regarding conditions of employment, health and safety and the management of the environment and community social investments not later than eighteen months following enactment of the Act and Regulations.
13.He further deponed that waiving of the royalties as proposed by the petitioner would be unconstitutional. He further averred that grant of the sought orders would lead to stoppage of all mining activities as no transaction of minerals can take place without payment of royalties to the State by the mining companies.
The Petitioner’s submissions
14.The petitioner through the firm of Khaminwa and Khaminwa Advocates filed written submissions and a list of authorities dated February 27, 2023. Counsel submitted that the petitioner took issue with section 183(2) of the Act that grants the 1st respondent the sole right to determine what the royalty is yet it is not defined in the Act. He argued that since minerals are defined as public land in article 62(f) of the Constitution, the same ought to be administered by the National Land Commission under section 5(1)(g) of its Act since a royalty is a tax. He argued that the exercise of authority by the 1st respondent in view of minerals in public land was null and void.
15.On the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013, counsel submitted that the Regulations came in effect vide Legal Notice No.187 of 2013 on August 16, 2013 while the Statutory Instruments Act 2013 came into effect on the January 25, 2013. He pointed out that the information shared by the respondents was for the year 2016 adding that similarly these Regulations were not tabled before Parliament as required under section 11(4) of the Statutory Instruments Act. The mandatory nature of this Section he submitted was lauded by the court in the case of Tax Justice Network – Africa v Cabinet Secretary for National Treasury & 2 others (2019) eKLR which was cited in support. Further that despite the petitioner being one of the legally authorized miners in Kenya, it was never given an opportunity to comment on the Regulations hence lack of public participation.
16.On the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017, Counsel submitted that the Regulations were not clear on what constitutes a community but merely refers to a group of people who reside near a mining area. He noted that the petitioner operates in Tsavo National Park. He submitted that from the list issued by the respondents the nearest place to it could have been the meeting held at Voi on 16th and August 17, 2016, to which the petitioner was not invited and had no knowledge of the same.
17.He further submitted that only the miners from Eastern and the Coast attended the meeting. To him this could not be considered as public participation as it did not involve members of the local community. In support of this argument Counsel relied on the case of Republic v County Government of Kiambu Ex parte Robert Gakuru & another (2016) eKLR where it was stated that what matters at the end of the day is that a reasonable opportunity is offered to members of the public and all interested parties to know the issues and to have an adequate say.
18.Counsel further submitted that the requirement under section 183(5) (c) of the Mining Act to the effect that the local community receives 10% royalty and a further 1% under the Regulations, is an unfair tax burden contrary to article 201(b)(i) of the Constitution. He submitted that the petitioner’s rights had been violated.
The Respondents’ submissions
19.The respondents through the Principal State Counsel, Mr Thande Kuria, filed written submissions dated April 19, 2021. The issues he identified for determination are as follows:i.Whether the imposition of the Mining (Community Development Agreements) Regulations is discriminatory to the petitioner.ii.Whether there was public participation in promulgation of the Regulations in compliance with section 5(1) of the statutory instruments Act.
20.Counsel on the first issue opposed the petitioner’s assertion of there being discrimination. To expound on this point he relied on the case of John Harun Mwau v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & another[2013] eKLR where it was held that it must be clear that a person alleging a violation of article 27 of the Constitution must establish that because of the distinction made between the claimant and others, the claimant has been denied equal protection or benefit of the law. It does not necessarily mean that different treatment or inequality will per se amount to discrimination and a violation of the Constitution. Similar reliance was placed on the case of Nyarangi & 3 others v Attorney General [2008] KLR 688.
21.Counsel submitted that the impugned provision and Regulations could not be unconstitutional because mineral royalties are only payable by mineral right holders. As such companies not holding a Mining License cannot be subjected to the provisions of the Mining Act, 2016 and the Regulations. Reiterating the contents of the respondent’s replying affidavit, Counsel argued that the petitioner had erroneously faulted the impugned Regulations since the object, purpose and effect of the said Regulations flows directly from the Constitution as it gives effect to the provisions of article 69 of the Constitution. He stressed that mineral rights are not granted for free to mineral right holders and as such royalties must accrue and equitably benefit the communities where mining activities take place.
22.On the second issue, Counsel emphasizing the importance of public participation indicated that this had been conducted. He noted that in its supporting affidavit, the petitioner had stated that it had been invited by the respondents to formulate the Community Development Agreements which meeting they attended. Further, the respondents in their replying affidavit had deposed the steps that they had taken to conduct public participation.
23.In support, he relied on the case of Moses Munyendo & 908 others v The Attorney General and Minister for Agriculture [2013] eKLR where it was held that the National Assembly has a broad measure of discretion on how they achieve the object of public participation and that how it is affected will vary from case to case but that it must be clear that a reasonable level of participation was afforded to the public. Additional reliance was placed on the cases of: (i) Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Education and Allied Workers (Kudhehia Workers) v Salaries and Remuneration Commission, Petition No. 294 of 2013, Nairobi Metropolitan PSV Saccos Union Limited & 25 others v County Government of Nairobi & 3 others [2014] eKLR (ii) Access Movement of South Africa Association for Rural Development and others v Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces and others [20016] ZAACC 22.
24.Counsel submitted that when the constitutional validity of a statute is brought under scrutiny the general principle to be applied is as was stated by the Supreme Court of India in Hambardda Wakhana v Union of India Air [1960] AIR 554 which stated:“In examining the constitutionality of a statute it must be assumed the Legislature understands and appreciates the needs of the people and the law it enacts are directed to problems which are made manifest by experience and the elected representatives assemble din a Legislature enacts laws which they consider to be reasonable for the purpose for which they are enacted, Presumption is therefore in favour of the constitutionality of an enactment.
25.He therefore contended that the petitioner has not proved its case to necessitate the invalidation of the impugned action of the Mining Act and its Regulations.
Analysis and Determination
26.I have considered the pleadings, submissions, cited authorities by the parties herein and the law and in my view the issues that arise for determination are as follows:i.Whether section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 are unconstitutional.ii.Whether the petitioner’s rights under articles 27(4) and 40(2) (b) of the Constitution were violated by the respondents; andiii.Whether the petitioner is entitled to the reliefs sought.
Issue No (i). Whether Section 183 of the Mining Act 2016, the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 are unconstitutional.
27.The petitioner challenged the constitutionality of the impugned legislations on the following basis:a.Lack of public participation.b.Imposition of heavy tax burden owing to the payment of the royalties contrary to the principles of taxation.a)Whether public participation was conducted
28.The petitioner averred that prior to the enactment of the impugned Regulations the respondents did not comply with section 5 of the Statutory Instruments Act which requires consultation with the relevant stakeholders through public participation. This argument was opposed by the respondents who averred that they had carried out the public participation exercise in compliance with the said law.
29.Article 10 of the Constitution stipulates that one of the hallmarks of the Kenyan Constitution is involvement of the citizens in the Country’s governance. Specifically, the Government is obligated under article 118 of the Constitution to facilitate public participation in the legislative process. This not only applies to Acts of Parliament as enacted by Parliament but also statutory instruments as provided under section 5(1) of the Statutory Instruments Act. This Section provides as follows:Consultation before making statutory instrumentsBefore a regulation-making authority makes a statutory instrument, and in particular where the proposed statutory instrument is likely to—i.have a direct, or a substantial indirect effect on business; orii.restrict competition; the regulation-making authority shall make appropriate consultations with persons who are likely to be affected by the proposed instrument.
30.The Court of Appeal in the case of Martin Nyaga Wambora v County Assembly of Embu & 37 others [2015] eKLR while speaking on public participation opined as follows:“(41)In particular article 196(1)(b) of the Constitution obligates a County Assembly to facilitate public participation and involvement in the legislative and other business of the assembly and its committees; while section 91 of the County Government Act requires a County Government to establish particular structures for information, communication technology based platforms, town hall meetings, notice boards for announcements of matters for public interest, avenues for the participation of people’s representatives and establishment of citizens fora at county and decentralized units. The respondents did not demonstrate use or availability of such structures in regard to the motion for removal of the appellant.(42)I am in agreement with the dicta in the South African case Doctors for Life International v Speaker of the National Assembly and others (supra) that:“According to their plain and ordinary meaning, the words public involvement or public participation refers to the process by which the public participates in something. Facilitation of public involvement in the legislative process therefore means taking steps to ensure that the public participates in the legislative process.”(43)Therefore it was for the County Assembly of Embu to show the steps that it had taken to ensure the public involvement and participation…”
31.In essence in such a petition, the authority enacting the Statutory Instrument is obligated to demonstrate that the impugned Statutory Instrument was enacted in compliance with this requirement. In making such a determination therefore the Supreme Court in the case of British American Tobacco Kenya, PLC (formerly British American Tobacco Kenya Limited) v Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health & 2 others; Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance & another (Interested Parties); Mastermind Tobacco Kenya Limited (The Affected Party) [2019] eKLR urged the courts to be guided by the following principles:“(i)As a constitutional principle under Article 10(2) of the Constitution, public participation applies to all aspects of governance.(ii)The public officer and or entity charged with the performance of a particular duty bears the onus of ensuring and facilitating public participation.(iii)The lack of a prescribed legal framework for public participation is no excuse for not conducting public participation; the onus is on the public entity to give effect to this constitutional principle using reasonable means.(iv)Public participation must be real and not illusory. It is not a cosmetic or a public relations act. It is not a mere formality to be undertaken as a matter of course just to ‘fulfill’ a constitutional requirement. There is need for both quantitative and qualitative components in public participation.(v)Public participation is not an abstract notion; it must be purposive and meaningful.(vi)Public participation must be accompanied by reasonable notice and reasonable opportunity. Reasonableness will be determined on a case to case basis.(vii)Public participation is not necessarily a process consisting of oral hearings, written submissions can also be made. The fact that someone was not heard is not enough to annul the process.(viii)Allegation of lack of public participation does not automatically vitiate the process. The allegations must be considered within the peculiar circumstances of each case: the mode, degree, scope and extent of public participation is to be determined on a case to case basis.(ix)Components of meaningful public participation include the following:a.clarity of the subject matter for the public to understand;b.structures and processes (medium of engagement) of participation that are clear and simple;c.opportunity for balanced influence from the public in general;d.commitment to the process;e.inclusive and effective representation;f.integrity and transparency of the process;g.capacity to engage on the part of the public, including that the public must be first sensitized on the subject matter.”1.Furthermore, the Statutory Instruments Act provides under section 5(2) and (3) that for public participation to be considered to have been done, the following prerequisites must be proved:(2)In determining whether any consultation that was undertaken is appropriate, the regulation making authority shall have regard to any relevant matter, including the extent to which the consultation—a.drew on the knowledge of persons having expertise in fields relevant to the proposed statutory instrument; andb.ensured that persons likely to be affected by the proposed statutory instrument had an adequate opportunity to comment on its proposed content.(3)Without limiting by implication the form that consultation referred to in subsection (1) might take, the consultation shall—a.involve notification, either directly or by advertisement, of bodies that, or of organizations representative of persons who, are likely to be affected by the proposed instrument; orb.invite submissions to be made by a specified date or might invite participation in public hearings to be held concerning the proposed instrument.
33.An examination of the evidence presented before this Court reveals that the respondents held a public participation exercise with various stakeholders who were required to submit their views on the Draft Mining Regulations on payment of royalties and the Community Development Agreements. The meetings were held on August 10, 2016, August 17, 2016, September 1, 2016 and November 3, 2016. These meetings involved various stakeholders such as industry stakeholders, the civil society and Government. The industry stakeholders meeting was held on August 16, 2016 at Voi Wildlife Lodge.
34.Other than the consultative meetings, the court notes that the respondents did not submit the notification notice for instance through an advertisement inviting submissions by a specified date. Nevertheless, owing to the guiding principles, it is clear that just because one did not participate in the exercise the same does not suffice to annul the process. This is as long as the respondents demonstrate that a real consultative process took place. In this matter, I find that public participation was conducted prior to the enactment of the Mining Regulations under consideration in the exercise, in this case, the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations, 2017.
35.I however do not find that the respondents discharged their onus of proof in relation to the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013. This is because they did not adduce the requisite evidence on whether they complied with section 5(2) and (3) of the Statutory Instruments Act. This Section requires a notification for the public participation of the exercise and an invite to submit comments. As a result, failure to uphold this constitutional Requirement renders the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 unconstitutional.
b) Whether payment of royalties as envisaged under Section 183 of the Mining Act is contrary to the principles of taxation
36.The petitioner further contended that payment of royalties was a quasi-form of taxation only in relation to mining companies. Similarly, that payment of the fees to the community placed on the petitioner a heavy burden as this was charged twice. This is under section 183 of the Mining Act and the Regulations. According to the petitioner these two aspects are contrary to the principles of taxation.
37.The petitioner informed that it deals in the mining business. The Constitution under article 62(1)(f) provides that all minerals and mineral oils form part of public land. In light of this the petitioner argued that the same ought to be under the National Land Commission. I reject this notion for two reasons. First of all only the Government is allowed to impose taxes under article 209 of the Constitution in a manner prescribed by an Act of Parliament. Secondly, the Constitution under article 67 of the Constitution makes known that the National Land Commission can only assess tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law. Evidently its jurisdiction does not extend to imposition of other taxes. Moreover, the provision does not indicate that the Commission is to assess payment of royalties. The Mining Act, 2016 was enacted to regulate the administration of the minerals therein.
38.The Mining Act 2016 provides that ownership of these minerals is stipulated under section 6 of the Mining Act. This Section provides as follows:
1.Every mineral—a.in its natural state in, under or upon land in Kenya;b.in or under a lake, river, stream, or water courses in Kenya;c.in the exclusive economic zone and an area covered by the territorial sea or continental shelf, is the property of the Republic and is vested in the national government in trust for the people of Kenya.
2.Subsection (1) applies despite any right or ownership of or by any person in relation to any land in, on or under which any minerals are found.
3.The national government's control over minerals vested in it shall be exercised in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
39.To access these minerals section 10 of the Act states that one can only acquire a mineral right if they are granted a permit or license in accordance with the Act. One of the obligations for a mineral right holder is payment of royalties under section 183 of the Act. This Section provides as follows:
1.The holder of a mineral right shall pay royalty to the State in respect of the various mineral classes won by virtue of the mineral right.
2.The Cabinet Secretary shall prescribe the rates payable under subsection (1).
3.The Cabinet Secretary may require the holder of a mineral right to make returns relating to any royalties paid in such manner and within a period as may be prescribed.
4.Any mineral samples including core samples, removed for the purposes of testing, shall not be subject to royalty unless they exceed maximum value stipulated in regulations.
5.The royalties payable under sub-section (1) shall be distributed as follows—a.seventy percent to the National Government;b.twenty percent to the County Government; andc.ten percent to the community where the mining operations occur.
40.According to the Dictionary of Mining, Mineral & Related Terms (USBM, P 946-947) ‘a royalty is a share of the product or profit reserved by the owner for permitting another to use the property’. As such, the Venkataramaiya's Law Lexicon and Legal maxims (Vol 3, P 2128) states that a royalty on mines and minerals cannot thus be a fee but a levy of the nature of a tax. Considering this, it was stated that royalty on minerals should be taken as an imposition of a tax.
41.Although described as a form of tax a royalty by its nature is distinct from ordinary taxes. It is a payment to the owner of the mineral resource in return for the removal of the minerals from the land. In the Article “Mining Royalties A Global Study of their Impact on Investors, Government, and Civil Society” by James Otto.[et al.], it was noted that the concept of national sovereignty over natural resources, alongside a growing understanding of sustainable development in the mineral sector, is causing mineral royalties to be viewed as instruments of socio economic change. I find this statement to be in harmony with the principles of land policy under article 60(1) ofthe Constitution. This Article provides as follows:“Land in Kenya shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable.”
42.Palpably, it is not in dispute that one of the constitutional functions of the Government is its power to impose taxes and charges as envisaged under article 209 of the Constitution. This was aptly captured in the case of Mark Obuya, Tom Gitogo & Thomas Maara Gichuhi Acting for or on Behalf of Association of Kenya Insurers & 5 others v Commissioner of Domestic Taxes & 2 others [2014] eKLR where it was held as follows:“
32.The legislature is the law making organ and it enacts the laws to serve a particular object and need. In the absence of a specific violation of the Constitution, the court cannot question the wisdom of legislation or its policy object. The fact that the particular provision of the statute merely may be difficult to implement or inconvenient does not give the court license to declare it unconstitutional.”
43.The Court further cited Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Education, Institutions and Hospital Allied Workers (KUDHEIHA) Union v Kenya Revenue Authority and Others Nairobi Petition No 544 of 2013 [2014] eKLR which stated:“(24)Before I deal with the constitutionality of the impugned provisions, I think it is important to establish the legislative authority of the legislature to impose taxes. Article 209 of the Constitution empowers the national government to impose taxes and charges. Such taxes include income tax, value-added tax, customs duties and other duties on import and export goods and excise tax. The manner in which the tax is defined, administered and collected is a matter for Parliament to define and it is not for the court to interfere merely because the legislature would have adopted a better or different definition of the tax or provided an alternative method of administration or collection. Under article 209 of the Constitution, the legislature retains wide authority to define the scope of the tax. (See Bidco Oil Refineries v Attorney General and others Nairobi Petition No 177 of 2012, paras 53 – 56) ”
44.While the Constitution empowers the Government to impose fees such as royalties in accordance with its principles, it does not disclose or define how high or low the same can be. The Government is however given leeway to define and quantify the same in a Statute in this case the Mining Act, 2016. It is discernable therefore that this mandate under article 209(2) is left to the legislature to decide based on various factors not within the knowledge and mandate of this court.
45.It is my humble view that allowing the petitioner’s argument that payment of royalties imposes a tax burden hence unconstitutional, would be in error and untenable in light of the purposes of theb Constitution. This court is mandated under article 259 of Constitution to interpret the Constitution in a manner that promotes its purposes, values and principles. The purpose of a royalty and the mandate of the Parliament in imposing such fees, has been considered. All this is in line with the principles of the land policy under article 60 of the Constitution in relation to minerals.
46.In light of the above, I find that section 183 of the Mining Act 2016 and the Mining (Community Development Agreement) Regulations 2017 are constitutional. On the other hand, I find that the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 are unconstitutional as the principle of public participation was not complied with during the Regulation’s enactment.
Issue No (iii). Whether the petitioner’s rights under Articles 27(4) and 40(2) (b) of the Constitution were violated by the respondents
47.The petitioner under the same breath took issue with the impugned provisions describing the terms therein as discriminatory in comparison to other companies operating businesses in Kenya. The respondents opposed this argument indicating that the terms in the impugned Section and Regulations only applied to mining companies. As such the same could not be deemed as discrimination in that context.
48.Article 27(4) of the Constitution reads as follows:The State shall not discriminate directly or indirectly against any person on any ground, including race, sex, pregnancy, marital status, health status, ethnic or social origin, colour, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, dress, language or birth.
49.Article 40(2)(b) of the Constitution provides that:(2)Parliament shall not enact a law that permits the State or any person -(b)to limit, or in any way restrict the enjoyment of any right under this article on the basis of any of the grounds specified or contemplated in article 27(4).
50.The Supreme Court discussing discrimination in the case of Gichuru v Package Insurance Brokers Limited (Petition 36 of 2019) [2021] KESC 12 (KLR) (Civ) (22 October 2021) (Judgment) opined as follows:“(48)Black’s Law Dictionary, 10th Edition defines discrimination as “failure to treat all persons equally when no reasonable distinction can be found between those favoured and those not favoured.” However, it must be appreciated that not all cases of distinction amount to discrimination.”
51.The court went further to observe that:“(51)From the above definitions, it is clear that discrimination can be said to have occurred where a person is treated differently from other persons who are in similar positions on the basis of one of the prohibited grounds like race, sex disability etc or due to unfair practice and without any objective and reasonable justification...”
52.The test for determining whether the petitioner’s claim on discrimination is sustainable, constitutes demonstrating that there is a nexus between the obligation of the petitioner under the Act and obligations of other companies in Kenya. Further that the discrimination is without any objective and reasonable justification.
53.The material placed before this court makes it apparent that the basis of the alleged discrimination is the payment of royalties as stipulated under section 183 of the Mining Act by persons and corporations holding mining rights. This differentiation was grounded on the fact that only persons with mining rights pay royalties while the rest are not under this obligation. Unmistakably the two, contrary to the petitioner’s allegation are in different classes and hence the differentiation cannot qualify as discrimination. As stated in the cited authority, discrimination occurs when differentiation in treatment occurs among persons in the same class.
54.Moreover, the petitioner who bears the onus of proving discrimination as held in the case Gichuru v Package Insurance Brokers Limited (supra) failed to demonstrate if at all, the nexus between itself as a mining company and other companies that constitute the alleged discrimination. In this regard I find that the petitioner failed to prove that its rights under article 27(4) and 40(2)(b) of the Constitution were violated.
55.From the foregoing analysis and the material placed before this court it is my humble conclusion that the petition dated May 24, 2019 partially succeeds, as stated above. I therefore declare that the Mining (Prescription of Royalties on Minerals) Regulations 2013 are unconstitutional. The rest of the prayers are declined, and dismissed with no order for costs.
56Orders accordingly.
DELIVERED VIRTUALLY, DATED AND SIGNED THIS 12TH DAY OF MAY 2023 IN OPEN COURT AT MILIMANI, NAIROBI.H. I. ONG’UDIJUDGE OF THE HIGH COURT
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Cited documents 16

Judgment 13
1. British American Tobacco Kenya PLC v Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health & 2 others; Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance & another (Interested Parties); Mastermind Tabacco Kenya Limited (Affected Party) (Petition 5 of 2017) [2019] KESC 15 (KLR) (26 November 2019) (Judgment) Mentioned 72 citations
2. Gichuru v Package Insurance Brokers Ltd (Petition 36 of 2019) [2021] KESC 12 (KLR) (22 October 2021) (Judgment) Followed 58 citations
3. Martin Nyaga Wambora v Speaker County Assembly of Embu & 5 others [2014] KEHC 6715 (KLR) Mentioned 37 citations
4. Nairobi Metropolitan Psv Saccos Union Limited & 25 others v County of Nairobi Government & 3 others (Civil Appeal 42 of 2014) [2014] KECA 95 (KLR) (Civ) (3 October 2014) (Judgment) Mentioned 19 citations
5. Obuya, Gitogo, Gichuhi (Acting for or on Behalf of Association of Kenya Insurers) & 5 others v Commissioner of Domestic Taxes & 2 others (Petition 383 of 2013) [2014] KEHC 4336 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (30 June 2014) (Judgment) Followed 17 citations
6. Nyarangi & 3 others v Attorney General (Petition 298 of 2008) [2008] KEHC 3906 (KLR) (10 July 2008) (Judgment) Explained 14 citations
7. Republic v County Government of Kiambu; Gakuru & another (Ex parte Applicants) (Judicial Review 434 of 2015) [2016] KEHC 7642 (KLR) (Judicial Review) (16 May 2016) (Judgment) Mentioned 11 citations
8. Ruwa & 2 others v Secretary, Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & 9 others (Civil Appeal 9 of 2013) [2016] KECA 371 (KLR) (8 July 2016) (Judgment) Mentioned 11 citations
9. Kenya Union of Domestic, Hotels, Education and Allied (Kudhehia Workers) v Salaries and Renumeration Commission & another (Constitutional Application 294 of 2013) [2014] KEHC 8148 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (25 July 2014) (Judgment) Mentioned 10 citations
10. Moses Munyendo & 908 others v Attorney General & another [2013] KEHC 6033 (KLR) Explained 4 citations
Act 3
1. Constitution of Kenya Interpreted 44767 citations
2. Statutory Instruments Act Interpreted 325 citations
3. Mining Act Interpreted 193 citations

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