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Anyango v Attorney General & 2 others (Petition 034 of 2021) [2024] KEHC 254 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (25 January 2024) (Judgment)

Anyango v Attorney General & 2 others (Petition 034 of 2021) [2024] KEHC 254 (KLR) (Constitutional and Human Rights) (25 January 2024) (Judgment)
Citation
Anyango v Attorney General & 2 others [2024] KEHC 254 (KLR)
Media Neutral Citation
[2024] KEHC 254 (KLR)
Court
High Court
Court station
High Court at Nairobi (Milimani Law Courts)
Outcome
Dismissed
Case number
Petition 034 of 2021
Judges
LN Mugambi
Judgment date
25 January 2024
Language
English
Type
Judgment
Original source file
Download DOCX (47.0 KB)
Collections
Date published
27 January 2024
Case action
Judgment
Court division
Constitutional and Human Rights
Filing county
Nairobi
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The Petition
1.The petition dated May 18, 2020 was filed against the respondents for the alleged malicious and unlawful arrest, detention and prosecution of the petitioner. Accordingly, the petitioner seeks the following reliefs against the respondents:a.A declaration that the way the petitioner was bungled into an already waiting car, demanding for bribe and making numerous trips without taking the petitioner to a police station was in the circumstances a violation of the petitioner’s fundamental right of the security of the person and freedom from being subjected to any form of violence including freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman and or degrading treatment contrary to articles 29(d) & (f), 32, 33 and 35 of Constitution.b.A declaration that the arrest and detention of the petitioner in police custody before being arraigned in a court of law was a violation of the petitioner’s fundamental right to personal freedom, liberty and rights of an arrested person contrary to articles 39 and 49 of the Constitution.c.A declaration that the detention of the petitioner in police custody incommunicado without access to any person from the outside world was a violation of the petitioner’s fundamental rights to human dignity and to the right to have the dignity protected, the security of person, and the protection of law, fundamental freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to articles 28 and 29(d) & (f) of the Constitution.d.A declaration that the prosecution of the petitioner on pretended, fabricated and unfounded criminal charges of willful obstruction in city court’s Criminal Case No 7932 of 2019 was a violation of the fundamental right of the petitioner to equal protection and equal benefit of the law and amounts to subjecting the petitioner to cruel ,inhuman and degrading treatment contrary to article 27(1), 29(d) & (f), 32, 33 and 35 of the Constitution and was in the whole circumstances an abuse of criminal law, the process of court and a malicious prosecution.e.General damages as the court shall assess consequent to the declarations of violations of fundamental rights and freedoms in (a) to (d) above.f.An award of exemplary, aggravated and or punitive damages for blatant, callous, oppressive and highhanded violation of constitutional rights by offices of the government.g.Costs of the petition.h.Interest on prayers (e) to (g) above.
The Petitioner’s Case:
2.The petitioner in her affidavit sworn on May 18, 2020 stated that on May 19, 2019, the 3rd respondent’s officers accompanied by police officers disconnected their water and seized the water pump. This is in spite of an ongoing court matter over the issue. She is aggrieved that the police officer on the same day arrested and hurled her into their vehicle.
3.She claimed moreover that the officers sought a bribe of Ksh 10,000 from her before taking her to Kayole Police Station which she refused to issue.It was her assertion that as a consequence, she was charged with willful obstruction contrary to section 145(a) of the Water Act 2016 as read with section 147 of the Act.
4.She was released from Kayole Police Station at around 9 pm on the same day upon a cash bail of Ksh 10,000 being paid by her father. The cash bail receipt issued on June 1, 2019 indicated that the petitioner was scheduled to take a plea at Makadara Law Courts on June 10, 2019. This however did not materialize as the prosecutor informed her that her matter was supposed to be mentioned at City Court not Makadara Law Courts.
5.It is averred that upon explaining the circumstances to the Magistrate at the City Court, the warrant of her arrest was lifted. She as well was granted a cash bail of Ksh.80,000. The prosecution of the Case concluded on March 6, 2020 when the judgment was delivered in the matter acquitting her.
6.It is the petitioner’s Case aCcordingly that the respondents’ actions subjected her to psychological torture, trauma, depression and injury to her reputation due to the unwarranted accusations. It was further asserted that her detention was unjustified and that no credible investigations were conducted prior to her prosecution. On this premise it was argued that the prosecution instigated against her was malicious. The petitioner accordingly takes the view that the respondents’ actions violated her constitutional rights under article 27(1), (4) & (5), 28,29(d) & (f), 32, 33,35 ,39 and 157(11) of the Constitution.
1st Respondent’s Case
7.The 1st respondent in response, filed a replying affidavit by Samuel Menganyi, a police officer sworn on August 2, 2022. He deposed that on the material day, APC Joseph Wambugu Wairimu and Beatrice W Mwangi accompanied the 3rd respondent’s officers to conduct a routine check at Greenfield Estate. During the check at the petitioner’s house, it was noted that there was an illegal water connection. He deposed that the petitioner was uncooperative and in fact ended up locking out the officers curtailing the exercise.
8.Following this, the police officers arrested the petitioner and booked her in at Kayole Police Station under OB 38/19/05/2019.The offence as stated was obstructing the 3rd respondent’s officers whilst their carried out their duties under section 145(a) as read with section 147 of the Water Act.
9.He deposed that the petitioner was released on a cash bail of Ksh.10,000 and scheduled to appear before the Chief Magistrate Court at city court on May 21, 2019. He admitted that the petitioner’s appearance before the Makadara Law Courts was an inadvertent error on their part.
10.He refuted that petitioner’s claim that a bribe had been sought from her adding that even so the same was never reported. He as well argued that the petitioner’s arrest, detention and prosecution was premised on a probable cause after establishing commission of a crime on the petitioner’s part. He concluded by stating that the petition was defective as failed to meet the threshold set for constitutional petitions.
3rd Respondent’s Case
11.According to the 3rd respondent’s officer, Kilonzo Musyoka in his replying affidavit sworn on February 23, 2021, accompanied by police officers they visited the petitioner’s premise at Greenfield Estate on May 19, 2019. This was following a complaint by their officer who informed that the petitioner had repetitively refused to grant access to the premise for the purposes of disconnecting the water supply due to accrued unpaid water bill of Ksh 127,853 as at December 31, 2019.
12.He deposed that during their official visit, the petitioner attempted to frustrate their efforts and even locked the gate. He further deposed that the petitioner’s water pump was illegally connected. This is since it was directly connected from the main line instead of the reservoir. As a result, this interfered with the other tenants’ water supply.
13.Owing to these circumstances the petitioner was arrested by the police officer and taken to Kayole Police Station. He additionally informed that the officers issued the petitioner’s brother who was at the premise with summons to be issued to the father who was not present. In view of this account, he opposed the petitioner’s averments and disparaged the claims as being falsehoods.
Parties’ Submissions
Petitioners’ submissions
14.The Firm of Agutu and Company Advocates on behalf of the petitioner filed written submissions dated May 6, 2022. Counsel on whether the petitioner’s rights had been violated under articles 27(1), (4) & (5),28,29 (a), (d)& (f),32, 33, 35, 36 and 39 of the Constitution answered in the affirmative. This is because of the manner in which the respondents handled the petitioner and their actions during the arrest, detention and prosecution. Counsel relying on the account in the petitioner’s affidavit contended that there was no rational reason to arrest, detain and prosecute the petitioner once the water had been disconnected.
15.Furthermore, it was submitted that the petitioner was not informed of the reason for her arrest and the rights of an arrested person. Counsel argued that the arrest of a suspect ought to only occur once there is sufficient evidence. Reliance was placed in article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention. Equally, the case of Anthony Njenga Mbuti and 5 others v Attorney General and 3 others (2015) eKLR where it was held that:“That the conduct by law enforcement officers profiling suspects on mere suspicion, arresting and detaining them with no evidence of crime committed is arbitrary and discriminatory against the rights guaranteed in our Constitution.”
16.Like dependence was placed in Sonia Kwamboka Rasugu v Sandalwood Hotel and Resort Limited T/A Paradise Beach Resort and Leon Muriithi Ndubai (2013) eKLR, Daniel Waweru Njoroge and 17 others v Attorney General (2015) eKLR, Keroche Industries LTD v Kenya Revenue Authority & 5 others (2007) eKLR and Hicks v Faulkner (1878) 8 QBD 167 and Kagame v Attorney General & another (1969) EA 643.
17.Consequently, counsel submitted that the petitioner’s arrest violated her right not to be deprived of her freedom and freedom of movement under article 29(1) and 39(1) of the Constitution. Moreover, that the police officers’ actions were discriminatory contrary to article 27(4) of the Constitution. The act of hurling the petitioner into the vehicle being taken around for 5 hours and being detained violated her right under article 25, 28 and 29 of the Constitution. Reliance was placed in Moses Tengeya Omweno vs Commissioner of Police and another (2018) eKLR where it was held that:“As regards violation of the right to human dignity…. when it is illegal, it is not only an infringement of the freedom of movement, but also an act that undermines one’s dignity.”
18.Accordingly, owing to the violation the petitioner’s constitutional rights, counsel submitted that the petitioner is entitled to general, exemplary and punitive damages including compensation of Ksh 5,000,000. In support counsel cited the case of Gitobu Imanyara & 2 others vs Attorney General (2016) eKLR where the Court of Appeal held that:“…the primary purpose of a constitutional remedy is not compensatory or punitive but is to vindicate the rights violated and to prevent or deter any future infringements.”
19.Equal reliance was placed in Dendy v Univeristy of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and others (2006) 1LRC 291.
1st Respondent’s Submissions
20.State counsel, Betty Mwasao on behalf of the 1st respondent filed written submissions dated August 24, 2022 where she sought to discuss whether the petitioner’s constitutional rights had been infringed hence deserving of the damages sought.
21.Relying on the threshold set out in the Anarita Karimi Njeru v Republic (1979) eKLR submitted that the petition fails the constitutional threshold. Counsel further stressed that an acquittal is not an automatic demonstration of the existence of malice resulting in malicious prosecution. Counsel asserted that the petitioner had failed to prove the ingredients of malicious prosecution as discussed by the Court of Appeal in MMS v Benjamin Mutua Matolo & another (2022) eKLR. It was argued that there was nothing malicious about the petitioner’s arrest, detention and prosecution as the same was done in view of a supposed commission of a criminal offense.
22.It is counsel’s submission that the petitioner’s allegations were refuted in the 3rd respondent’s replying affidavit where it was made known that the petitioner had water bill arrears. Additionally, it was stressed that the claim for the alleged ongoing court case was not proved. In view of this it was argued that the 3rd respondent was well within its mandate as empowered under section 59 of the Water Act in the actions its officer took. Furthermore, it was pointed out that section 145(a) of the Water Act provides that any person who obstructs the 3rd respondent’s officer while carrying out its duties commits a criminal offence.
23.In the same way, counsel attacked the petitioner’s assertion of being coerced to produce a bribe as the same was not evidenced. In total it was asserted that the instant suit does not disclose any constitutional issue.
24.Consequently, it is counsel’s submission that the petitioner having failed to demonstrate the alleged constitutional violations and proving her allegations, is not entitled to an award of damages as sought. Reliance was placed in Abkdiwahab Ibrahim Ali & another vs Inspector General of the National Police Service & 3 others (2017) eKLR where it was held that:“It is only if infringement has been shown that the court can exercise its discretion whether or not to award compensatory damages.The practice developed in constitutional matters is to award damages for violation of constitutional rights but it cannot be overemphasized that this is after there is evidence of the infringement.”
3rd Respondent’s Submissions
25.The 3rd respondent through Kabue Thumi and Company Advocates filed written submissions dated May 22, 2023 where counsel submitted that he who alleges must prove. According to counsel, the petitioner failed to prove her case by way of oral evidence which then would have been tested through cross examination. As such, it was argued that her claim remained unsubstantiated and unproved to the required standard. Reliance was placed in Dickson Chebuye Ambeyi v National Police Service and others (2020) eKLR where it was held that:“…In any claim for general damages, the party claiming must formally prove their claim. It was foolhardy for the petitioner to have assumed that he could establish his claim by way of written submissions, instead of giving testimony to prove his claim. He should have sought to have the matter heard orally. This is a simple claim for unlawful arrest, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution, all of which are torts. At common law, the usual way of prosecuting them is by way of plaint, and formal proof. The mere fact that there are constitutional provisions which cover the same subject, and that there is provision for litigation under the Constitution for redress, besides the usual civil process, does not obviate the need for formal proof. The principles governing what ought to be proved, or the standards of proof, are the same.”
26.In the same breath, counsel emphasized that the petitioner had failed to prove the elements of malicious prosecution to the effect that the prosecution commenced the suit; the suit was terminated in her favour; that the suit was instituted without reasonable and probable case and lastly actuated with malice. In this regard counsel cited the case of Tobias Moinde Kengere vs Postal Corporation of Kenya and 2 others (2019) eKLR where the court citing the case of Dr Lucas Ndungu Munyua v Royal Media Services Limited and another (2014) eKLR held that:“With respect to malice, the law is clear that the mere fact that a person has been acquitted of the criminal charge does not necessarily connote malice on the part of the prosecutor. As was held in James Karuga Kiiru v Joseph Mwamburi and others Nrb CA No 171 of 2000 [2001] eKLR, to prosecute a person is not prima facie tortuous, but to do so dishonestly or unreasonably is the burden of proving that the prosecutor did not act honestly or reasonably being on the person prosecuted.”
27.Analogous reliance was also placed in Calvin Ouma Magare & 18 others v Director of Public Prosecutions and 4 others (2022) eKLR. It is the 3rd respondent’s case in a nutshell that the petitioner failed to prove her allegations against the respondents.
Analysis and Determination
28.The issue before the court is whether the petitioner’s constitutional rights under articles 25(1), (4) & (5), 28, 29(a)(d) and (f), 32, 33, 35, 36 and 39 were violated by the respondents.
29.The gravamen of this petition is that her arrest, detention and prosecution by the respondents was unjustified and thus violated the petitioner’s constitutional rights. The petitioner claims that the police officers failed to carry out proper investigations of the complaint hence her prosecution by the 2nd respondent was as a consequence malicious.
30.The mandate of the respondents is well provided for in the Constitution. The National Police Service is established under article 243 of the Constitution. The National Police Service Act, 2011 which operationalizes the above article provides in section 24(e) that one of the functions of the police is the investigation of crimes. In Daniel Ogwoka Manduku vs Director of Public Prosecutions & 2 others (2019) eKLR, the court in discussing the role of the police in investigation of crimes held:“…The powers of the police to investigate a crime cannot be challenged because the police is there principally to combat crime. It is therefore not possible to stop any criminal investigations unless the foundation of such investigations is malicious or is an abuse of power…Odunga J in Isaac Tumunu Njunge v Director of Public Prosecutions & 2 others [2016] eKLR, said with regard to the power of the police to investigate:“…42.It is however my view that the police are clearly mandated to investigate the commission of criminal offences and in so doing they have powers inter alia to take statements and conduct forensic investigations. In order for the applicant to succeed he must show that not only are the investigations which were being done by the police are being carried out with ulterior motives but that the predominant purpose of conducting the investigations is to achieve some collateral result not connected with the vindication of an alleged commission of a criminal offence. It must always be remembered that the motive of institution of the criminal proceedings is only relevant where the predominant purpose is to further some other ulterior purpose and as long as the prosecution and those charged with the responsibility of making the decisions to charge act in a reasonable manner, the High Court would be reluctant to intervene…”
31.On the other hand, the 2nd respondent derives his powers from article 157 of the Constitution and his mandate spelt out in the following sub-articles:(4)The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have power to direct the Inspector-General of the National Police Service to investigate any information or allegation of criminal conduct and the Inspector-General shall comply with any such direction.(6)The Director of Public Prosecutions shall exercise State powers of prosecution and may—i.institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a court martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed;ii.take over and continue any criminal proceedings commenced in any court (other than a court martial) that have been instituted or undertaken by another person or authority, with the permission of the person or authority; andiii.subject to clause (7) and (8), discontinue at any stage before judgment is delivered any criminal proceedings instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions or taken over by the Director of Public Prosecutions under paragraph (b).(10)The Director of Public Prosecutions shall not require the consent of any person or authority for the commencement of criminal proceedings and in the exercise of his or her powers or functions, shall not be under the direction or control of any person or authority.(11)In exercising the powers conferred by this article, the Director of Public Prosecutions shall have regard to the public interest, the interests of the administration of justice and the need to prevent and avoid abuse of the legal process.
32.The Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act, 2013 under section 6 on the manner of carrying out the function provides as follows:a.not require the consent of any person or authority for the commencement of criminal proceedings;b.not be under the direction or control of any person or authority in the exercise of his or her powers or functions under the Constitution, this Act or any other written law; andc.be subject only to the Constitution and the law.
33.The court in Denis Joseph Shijenje & another v Kenya Revenue Authority & 2 others (2021) eKLR discussing the mandate of the 2nd respondent noted as follows:“37.I find that the office of the Director of Public Prosecution being an independent institution established under the Constitution, the court can only interfere with or interrogate its actions where there is contravention of the Constitution. In the case of Paul Ng’ang’a Nyaga v Attorney General & 3 others (2013) eKLR, it was held that “this court can only interfere with and interrogate the acts of other constitutional bodies if there is sufficient evidence that they acted in contravention of the Constitution.”
34.Further in Francis Anyango Juma vs The Director of Public Prosecutions and another (2012) eKLR the court observed that:“Clearly, the intention under the Constitution was to enable the Director of Public Prosecutions to carry out his constitutional mandate without interference from any party. This court cannot direct or interfere with the exercise by the DPP of his power under the Constitution or direct him on the way he should conduct his constitutional mandate, unless there was clear evidence of violation of a party’s rights under the Constitution, or violation of the Constitution itself.”
35.In like manner, in Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd & 2 others v Commissioner Of Police And the Director of Criminal investigations Department & another interested party benjoh Amalgamated Ltd [2012] eKLR the court held that:“25.The Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and Inspector General of the National Police Service are independent and this court would not ordinarily interfere in the running of their offices and exercise of their discretion within the limits provided for by the law. But these offices are subject to the Constitution and the Bill of Rights contained therein and, in every case,, the High Court as the custodian of the Bill of Rights is entitled to intervene where the facts disclose a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed under the Constitution.”
36.It follows therefore that for the petition to succeed, the petitioner must demonstrate that the officers of the respondent were in breach of their mandate in arresting, incarcerating and prosecuting the petitioner.
37.However, a fundamental question that must be asked is whether this dispute as presented is in reality a constitutional dispute. The facts as pleaded in my view present a dispute that is allegedly based on unlawful arrest, confinement and malicious prosecution. Though these allegations can be framed as constitutional violations, they may very well support a tortious claim of false imprisonment and malicious prosecution but the petitioner appears to have deliberately avoided taking that route.
38.For malicious prosecution which the petitioner heavily complains about, all what the petitioner would have been required to prove is the presence of four elements, namely the respondent instituted the prosecution against the petitioner, the prosecution ended in her favour, the prosecution was instituted without reasonable and probable cause and that the prosecution was actuated by malice. The court in Bethwel Omondi Okal v Attorney General & another [2018] eKLR reiterated these principles as follows:“… For one to succeed, he/she must prove four elements. First that the criminal proceedings were instituted by the defendant who was instrumental in setting the law in motion against the plaintiff, second, that the defendant acted without reasonable or probable cause. Otherwise there must exist facts which show that the defendant genuinely believed that the criminal proceedings were justified; third, that the defendant must have acted maliciously. That the defendant in instituting the criminal proceedings acted with improper or wrongful motive. and fourth, the criminal proceedings must have terminated in the plaintiff’s favour having been acquitted of the charge laid against him. (See Egbema v West Nile District Administration [1972] EA 60) …”
39.In regard to false imprisonment, all what the petitioner would have been required to demonstrate is denial of personal liberty by acts willfully done by another person to restrain or confine her in a restricted place without her consent and without any lawful cause and the fact that she was aware of the said confinement.
40.If therefore the claims can be adequately litigated in tort, was it proper for the petitioner to fashion the matter as a constitutional dispute?
41.This brings into focus the doctrine constitutional avoidance. Black’s Law Dictionary, 10th Edition, defines Constitutional avoidance rule as follows: The doctrine that a case should not be resolved by deciding a constitutional question if it can be resolved in some other fashion.
42.Courts have consistently weeded out disputes that are disguisedly instituted as constitutional disputes when in reality they are not. In Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta vs Nairobi Star Publication Limited (2013) eKLR Justice Lenaola stated:“…Where there is a remedy in civil law, a party should pursue that remedy and I say so well aware of decision of Haco Industries where the converse may have been expressed as the position. My mind is clear however that not every ill in the society should attract a constitutional sanction as stated in AG v Dutambala Criminal Appeal No 37 of 1991 (Tanzania Court of Appeal) such sanctions should be reserved for appropriate and really serious occasions…”
43.Further in John Harun Mwau v Peter Gastrow & 3 others (2014) eKLR the court said:“…Courts will not normally consider a constitutional question unless the existence of a remedy depends on it; if the remedy is available to an applicant under some other legislative provision or some other basis, whether legal or factual, a court will usually decline to determine whether in addition o breach of the other declaration of rights…It is established practice where a matter can be deposed without recourse to the Constitution, constitution should not be invoked at all…”
44.In the instant petition, this court considers the allegations raised heavily lie in the tort of false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. The petitioner’s cause of action could have adequately been remedied by conventional torts law not as a constitutional grievance. I find the words of the Court of Appeal in James Kanyiita Nderitu v Attorney General and the Director of Public Prosecution (2019) eKLR relevant in this matter. The court in dismissing a similar matter stated:“… As we have stated above, the remedy for the appellant was to institute a suit for malicious prosecution. He has failed to do so and a constitutional petition cannot be used to circumvent primary legislation for enforcement of a given right or violation. It is not open to the appellant to urge that there can be no wrong without a remedy. Indeed, this legal principle is correct; the appellant had a remedy in the tort of malicious prosecution or an action for defamation, he has chosen not to pursue the causes of action within the legal time frame…”
45.Concerning the allegations of bribery made by the petitioner, that is the proper province of criminal law. The petitioner did not even demonstrate that she reported the complaint to the relevant investigative agency for investigation.
46.Guided by the above principles, this court is satisfied that the grievances raised in this petition are ordinary civil disputes (tortious claims) that the petitioner is masking as constitutional grievances. Applying the doctrine of constitutional avoidance, this court finds that it cannot consider the same as a constitutional petition. It is dismissed with costs to the respondents.
DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED AT MILIMANI THIS 25TH DAY OF JANUARY, 2024.L N MUGAMBIJUDGE
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Cited documents 15

Judgment 11
1. Imanyara & 2 others v Attorney General (Civil Appeal 98 of 2014) [2016] KECA 557 (KLR) (19 May 2016) (Judgment) Explained 584 citations
2. Njoroge & 17 others v Attorney General (Civil Appeal 89 of 2010) [2015] KEHC 1154 (KLR) (30 November 2015) (Judgment) Explained 18 citations
3. Nderitu v Attorney General & another (Civil Appeal 96 of 2013) [2019] KECA 1006 (KLR) (8 February 2019) (Judgment) Explained 11 citations
4. Dr Lucas Ndungu Munyua v Royal Media Services Limited & another [2014] KEHC 2582 (KLR) Explained 10 citations
5. Dickson Chebuye Ambeyi v National Police Service & another; Peter Sifuna Wesonga & another (Interested Parties) [2020] KEHC 870 (KLR) Explained 8 citations
6. Tobias Moinde Kengere v Postal Corporation of Kenya & 2 others [2019] KEHC 9950 (KLR) Explained 8 citations
7. Juma v Director of Public Prosecutions & another (Petition 160 of 2012) [2012] KEHC 2618 (KLR) (30 July 2012) (Judgment) Explained 7 citations
8. Calvin Ouma Magare & 18 others v Director of Public Prosecutions & 4 others [2022] KEHC 1460 (KLR) Followed 6 citations
9. Bethwel Omondi Okal v Attorney General & another [2018] KEHC 7437 (KLR) 4 citations
10. Omweno v Commissioner of Police & another (Civil Appeal 243 of 2011) [2018] KECA 344 (KLR) (27 April 2018) (Judgment) Explained 4 citations
Act 3
1. Constitution of Kenya Interpreted 45040 citations
2. Water Act Interpreted 364 citations
3. Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act Interpreted 312 citations

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