Attorney General v Ndungo & 5 others (Civil Appeal 158 of 2019) [2023] KECA 979 (KLR) (28 July 2023) (Judgment)
Neutral citation:
[2023] KECA 979 (KLR)
Republic of Kenya
Civil Appeal 158 of 2019
SG Kairu, P Nyamweya & JW Lessit, JJA
July 28, 2023
Between
Attorney General
Appellant
and
Juma Nyamawi Ndungo
1st Respondent
Peter Lungwe Shalu
2nd Respondent
Patrick Kisali Odanga
3rd Respondent
John Osoro Omayo
4th Respondent
Sadiki Ramadhan Mchechemo
5th Respondent
Mombasa Law Society
6th Respondent
(Being an appeal from the judgment of the High Court of Kenya at Mombasa (Ogola, J.) delivered on 10th June 2019 in High Court Constitutional Petition No. 196 of 2018
Constitutional Petition 196 of 2018
)
Judgment
1.Following a Constitutional Petition filed by the 1st to the 5th respondents, the High Court at Mombasa (E.K. Ogola, J.) in a judgment delivered on 10th June 2019 declared that Sections 10, 16, 23, 26 and 53(2)(d) and 2(e) and the entire Part IV and V of the Work Injury Benefits Act No. 13 of 2007 (WIBA):a.…are ultra vires the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and are null and void to the extent that they place judicial authority in an entity that is not part of the judiciary.b.violate the doctrine of separation of powers and are therefore unconstitutional.c.violate the injured employee's right to a fair hearing as provided for under Article 50 of the Constitution.d.violate the injured worker's right to property under Article 40 of the Constitution.e.violate the right to access to justice and undermined the doctrine of devolution.
2.The High Court also declared that Part V of WIBA violates an injured employee's right to equality, freedom from discrimination and the right to human dignity as provided under Article 27 and 28 of the Constitution; and that the provisions of the Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 20 of 2011 (ELRC Act) Section 12(a), 22, 29, and 35 and the Magistrate’s Court Act Section 9(b) by dint of Article 261(1) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and Section 7 of Schedule 6 of the Constitution of Kenya, override all provisions in WIBA that are in conflict with them. The High Court also awarded the costs of the petition to the 1st to 6th respondents.
3.The appellant has challenged that judgment in this appeal on grounds set out in the memorandum of appeal, among them, that the Judge overlooked: the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies as the office of Director under WIBA was the first avenue of dispute resolution with appeals to the High Court; the doctrine of constitutionality of statute; and the historical uniqueness in enactment of the labour statutes in 2007.
4.During the hearing of the appeal before us on 4th October 2022 learned counsel Miss. Langat, relied on and orally highlighted the appellant’s written submissions dated 22nd February 2021 and urged that the High Court overstepped its mandate in declaring several of the provisions of WIBA unconstitutional despite the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court having already pronounced on the same; that by the time the High Court delivered the impugned judgment on 10th June 2019, the Court of Appeal had already pronounced judgment on 17th November 2017 in the case of Attorney General vs. Law Society of Kenya & COTU, Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 (hereafter Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011); that that judgment of the Court of Appeal was binding and the High Court did not have jurisdiction to alter the precedent created by this Court; that moreover, the High Court proceeded with the petition despite the pendency before the Supreme Court, of Law Society of Kenya vs. Attorney General & COTU, S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019}} [2019] eKLR (hereafter S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019) in which judgment was subsequently delivered on 3rd December 2019 which decision is binding on all courts below the Supreme Court under Article 163(7) of the Constitution; that furthermore, on the strength of the case of Dodhia vs. National & Grindlays Bank Ltd & another [1970] EA 195, decisions of the higher courts are binding on the High Court under the doctrine of judicial precedent.
5.It was urged that in the judgment from which those appeals emanated, namely, High Court Petition No. 185 of 2008, the High Court had declared Sections 4, 16, 21(1), 25(1)(3), 52(1)(2) and 58(2) of WIBA inconsistent with the retired Constitution but the Court of Appeal in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 reversed that decision only finding Section 7 and 10(4) of WIBA inconsistent with the Constitution, which decision was upheld by the Supreme Court in its judgment in S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019.
6.Counsel further faulted the High Court for disregarding the decision of the Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 on grounds that its pronouncements were obiter dictum and therefore not binding as a precedent on the faulty premise that the Court did not in that case consider the impugned provisions of WIBA against the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 when in fact the Court of Appeal had done so, and was upheld by the Supreme Court; that although the High Court decision in Petition No. 185 of 2008, the subject of Court of Appeal Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011, was based on the retired Constitution, the Court of Appeal did, in accordance with the requirement as to conformity with the new Constitution test the impugned provisions of WIBA against the Constitution of Kenya 2010.
7.Counsel concluded by stressing that the issues in this appeal were fully addressed by the Supreme Court of Kenya in S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019 and this Court should, in accordance with the dictates of Article 163(7) of the Constitution, apply the same to this matter and set aside the judgment of the High Court and dismiss the petition by the 1st to 5th respondents.
8.Learned counsel Ms. Osino and Miss. Julu held brief for Mr. Njengo for the 1st to 5th respondents and relied on, and highlighted their written submissions dated 25th February 2022. In their view, the appellant essentially abandoned its appeal in that the arguments canvassed in the appellant’s submissions have no relation to the grounds of appeal; that rather than expound on the grounds of appeal in the memorandum of appeal, the appellant in its submissions has introduced new grounds of challenge, a totally different matter, based on the decision of this Court in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 and of the Supreme Court in S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019.
9.It was submitted that for this Court to interfere with the decision of the High Court, the appellant must demonstrate that the learned Judge acted on wrong principles or disregarded some material considerations or that the findings are not at all supported by any evidence or that no reasonable court could arrive at the conclusion that he did.
10.It was submitted that under Article 159 of the Constitution, judicial authority is vested in courts and tribunals; that in relation to establishment of a Director under WIBA, there is no reference in that Act that he is to be a tribunal or a quasi- judicial tribunal tasked to hear and determine matters under that Act; that had that been the intention of the legislature, it would have stated so expressly; that it was not the intention of the legislature to vest judicial authority on the Director, an office appointed directly by the executive, to receive complaints, perform investigations, adjudicate on the matter at the first instance, perform judicial function of assessing damages in an office that does not fall under Article 159 of the Constitution which violates the doctrine of separation of powers; that vesting judicial authority on the Director is tantamount to violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers. In that regard, the case of In the Matter of Interim Independent Electoral Commission, SC Advisory Opinion No. 2 of 2011 [2011] eKLR and decision of this Court in Mumo Matemu vs. Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 others, C.A. No. 290 of 2021 [2013] eKLR were cited for the proposition that the Constitution does not contemplate a scenario where one organ of the Government usurps the functions of other organs which is what WIBA does.
11.It was submitted further that the substance of WIBA is to take away judicial power from Magistrates effectively taking away accrued rights in cases that were pending in court contrary to the doctrine of legitimate expectation; that it curtails the quest to access court for assessment of damages, a pure judicial function as held in Justus Mutiga & 2 others vs. Law Society of Kenya & another [2017] eKLR.
12.It was submitted that the ELRC is constitutionally established, and its powers devolved to the Magistrates Court; that the Magistrate’s Courts declined to discharge that duty which necessitated the filing of the suit giving rise to the instant appeal; that it was an anomaly in the drafting and operation of WIBA to give the office of Director, duties that are constitutionally conferred on courts.
13.Regarding the complaint by the appellant that the trial judge disregarded the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies, it was submitted that this does not arise in this case; that that doctrine seeks to protect the autonomy of administrative agencies and promote judicial efficiency and applies, counsel submitted, in judicial review actions. The decision in Speaker of the National Assembly vs. Karume, Civil Application No. NAI. 92 of 1992 [1992] KECA 42 (KLR), was cited; that the doctrine does not apply here as the 1st to 5th respondent challenged the existence and constitutionality of the provisions of WIBA as opposed to the implementation of the same; and that a constitutional petition is an exceptional circumstance that ousts the applicability of the doctrine. The case of Republic v Firearms Licencing Board & another, Ex Parte Boniface Mwaura [2019] eKLR was cited.
14.It was submitted that in interpreting the constitutionality of the specific provisions of WIBA, it must be done in a manner that promotes the purposes, values and principles of the Constitution and advances the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms, permits development of the law and contributes to good governance; that the Court should adopt a purposive interpretation that recognises that the Constitution is a living and durable instrument as pronounced by the Supreme Court in Council of Governors & 47 others vs. Attorney General & 3 others(interested parties); Katiba Institute & 2 others (Amicus Curiae) [2020] eKLR. It was urged that the dominant feature in WIBA is to take away judicial power in assessing damages from the courts in the first instance and to vest it in the Director which is in breach of the Constitution.
15.Learned counsel Mr. Njoroge Mwangi for Mombasa Law Society, the 6th respondent, submitted in his written and oral submissions that the previous decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court in C.A. No. 133 of 2011 and in S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2019 respectively were based on the retired Constitution as opposed to the impugned decision of the High Court which is based on the Constitution of Kenya 2010; that the present case involves different parties with different set of circumstances and the doctrine of res judicata does not therefore apply and neither is Article 163(7) of the Constitution applicable and this Court is therefore properly seized of the matter; that in any event, to the extent that the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court expressed themselves regarding the constitutionality of WIBA vis-à-vis the Constitution of Kenya 2010, those pronouncements were obiter dictum in that the constitutionality of WIBA under the 2010 Constitution had not been raised either in the High Court, the Court of Appeal or in the Supreme Court; that the issues identified in C.A. No. 133 of 2011 related to the retired Constitution while the issues raised in the petition giving rise to the present appeal relate to the 2010 Constitution.
16.It was submitted that under the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, unlike the retired Constitution, Parliament cannot locate or confer judicial authority outside the judiciary. The case of A. O. O & 6 Others vs. Attorney General & another [2017] eKLR was cited. That to the extent that WIBA seeks to empower a Director to exercise judicial authority, it is unconstitutional; that Section 16 of WIBA bars the filing of suits, yet the ELRC Act which confers exclusive original and appellate jurisdiction on ELRC is a creature of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010; that Sections 12, 22, and 29(4) of the ELRC Act and S. 7 and 9 of the Magistrate’s Courts Act clearly show that WIBA is unconstitutional as there is no bar in those statutes against an employee injured at work seeking redress in court; that S.16 of WIBA is therefore in conflict with those statutes which were enacted under the Constitution of Kenya, 2010; and that WIBA, an older statute, must give way to the new statutes.
17.Moreover, counsel submitted, WIBA has no transitional provisions and does not cater for the many pending cases at different stages before the courts; that considering that WIBA was based on strict liability, and bearing in mind that Sections 7 and 10(4) of WIBA having been declared unconstitutional, strict liability no longer applies and if an employee who is injured at work lodges a claim and the employer denies liability, the employee cannot benefit from WIBA; equally the obligation of the employer to insure was removed as Section 7 was declared unconstitutional. It was submitted that what remains of WIBA after those provisions were declared unconstitutional is a useless relic incapable of safeguarding workers’ rights.
18.Counsel also faulted WIBA in so far as it has or incorporates structured compensation created under the Schedules which were declared unconstitutional in Justus Mutiga & 2 others vs. Law Society of Kenya & another [2018] eKLR.
19.It was submitted that whereas WIBA was enacted with the good intention, hope and expectation that it would improve and safeguard the rights of the workers in getting compensation, it did not do so; that relative to the repealed Workmen Compensation Act, WIBA grossly limited or extinguished the rights that were available to employees; that Section 16 of WIBA for instance outlawed application of common law and the law of tort in case of workmen compensation to the detriment of workers; that for WIBA to be efficacious, it must operate in a no fault system; that with the invalidation of Section 10(4), the Director is incapable of safeguarding workers’ rights to compensation because there would be need to ascertain causation and determination of liability which would require evidence to be adduced which cannot be done administratively; consequently upholding the constitutionality of WIBA would be tantamount to upholding exercise of judicial authority by a Director in violation of Articles 1(1), 1(3)(c) and 159(1) the Constitution of Kenya 2010; that assessment of damages, determination of liability are not powers that can be donated to the Director of WIBA; and that the office of Director created under section 53 of WIBA and all his assistants or Director of Occupational Safety and Health Services cannot be deemed to be a tribunal under the Constitution.
20.We have reviewed the record and considered the appeal and submissions. Although, as already indicated, the appellant in his memorandum of appeal raised several complaints regarding the impugned judgment, the critical preliminary question is whether the matters that were the subject of the 1st to 5th respondents’ petition before the High Court, and by extension this appeal, have already been determined by this Court in its judgment in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 which was upheld the Supreme Court of Kenya in S.C. Petition No. 4 of 2020. In other words, are the decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court in those cases dispositive of the issues raised in this appeal.
21.In their petition before the High Court, the 1st to 5th respondents, supported by the 6th respondent as an interested party, challenged the constitutionality of Sections 10, 16, 23, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 51, 53 (2)(d), (e), 58(2) and the First Schedule of WIBA. Broadly, their complaints were that the provision of the WIBA that purport to vest judicial authority in the Director whose office is created under Section 53 of the WIBA, and who is neither a court nor a tribunal usurps judicial power from the judiciary contrary to Article 159 (1) of the constitution}}; that the provisions of Section 10, 16 and 53 of the WIBA undermine a litigant’s right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of the law decided in a fair and public hearing before a court or if appropriate another independent and impartial tribunal; that the provisions of Section 53 that give the “Director” who is an appointee of the Executive the right to receive complaints, investigate them and ultimately adjudicate over them and even receive appeals from dissatisfied parties is an affront to the doctrine of separation of powers that runs through the 2010 Constitution; that the application of the WIBA to cases that have been pending in courts before the delivery of the judgment of Court of Appeal in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 goes against judicial wisdom that deems legitimate all actions done under the legal regime that existed at a given time; and that the provisions of part V of WIBA are discriminatory, unequitable and undermine the human dignity of those with low income.
22.It was there case that there are accrued rights and expectations that crystallized under the legal regime that existed before the Court of Appeal’s judgment in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011, which cannot be taken away without undermining the right to property; that the magistrate’s Courts are littered all over the Republic and have the relevant structures and manpower to handle the work injury claims; that to purport to prefer that the work injury claims be lodged with the Director whose office has not been set up and lacks the relevant reach in the grassroots is an affront to the right of access to justice; that to uplift the provisions of the statutes that existed before the passage of the new Constitution over the Acts that were passed pursuant to Articles 261 and 262 of the Constitution, its fifth Schedule and Section 7(1) of the Sixth Schedule is to undermine those provisions of the Constitution and its spirit; that the provisions of WIBA in question infringe on the constitutional provisions and undermine it and also infringe on the rights of the citizenry and or employees injured at their place of work; and that there is a confusion in judicial precedent between the statutes that existed prior to the new constitution and the ones that were passed pursuant to its provision to put it into effect.
23.It was on the basis of those grievances, that the the 1st to 5th respondents, supported by the 6th respondent as an interested party sought declarations that: Section 10, 16, 23, 26 and 53 and the entire part IV and V are ultra vires the Constitution of Kenya and are null and void to the extent that they place judicial authority in an entity that is not part of the Judiciary; violate the doctrine of separation of powers; violate the injured employee’s right to a fair hearing as provided for under Article 50 of the Constitution of Kenya; violate the injured worker’s right to property under Article 40 of the Constitution of Kenya; violate the right of access to justice and undermines the doctrine of devolution; violates an injured employee’s right to equality, freedom from discrimination and the right to human dignity as provided under Articles 27 and 28 of the Constitution of Kenya; and a declaration that the provisions of the Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 20 of 2011 Section 12(a), 22, 29 and 35 and the Magistrate’s Court Act Section 9(b) by dint of Article 261 (1) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and Section 7 of Schedule 6 of the Constitution of Kenya, override all provisions in WIBA that are in conflict with them.
24.In opposing the petition, the Attorney General contended before the High Court, as he has done in this appeal, that the constitutionality of WIBA was determined by this Court in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 and the petition was therefore an abuse of the court process since the aforesaid Judgment settled all the issues raised in the present matter. In rejecting the argument that the matter was already determined, the learned trial Judge expressed:
25.The Judge then pronounced himself thus:
26.Based on the foregoing, the question whether the High Court, in its impugned judgment, dealt with matters that had already been addressed by this Court in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011 was a live issue. It is therefore an issue properly before us.
27.There is no dispute that, the constitutionality of some of the provisions of WIBA had been challenged, and the High Court (J. B. Ojwang, J. (as he then was)) in a judgment delivered on 4th March 2009 declared Section 4, 7(1)(2), 10(4), 16(2)(1),23(1), 25(1)(3), 52(1)(2) and 58(2) unconstitutional under the retired Constitution. That is the judgment that was the subject of appeal before this Court in Civil Appeal No. 133 of 2011. In reviewing the judgment of the High Court, the Court of Appeal stated:
28.It is evident from that passage that the Court examined the constitutionality of the impugned provisions from the perspective of the retired Constitution as well as from the prism of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Having done so, this Court in its judgment delivered on 17th November 2017 allowed the appeal against the judgment of the High Court, to the extent of setting aside orders of the High Court:
29.Dissatisfied, an appeal to the Supreme Court was lodged and in upholding the judgment of the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, in its judgment considered whether Sections 16, 23(1) and 52(1) & (2) of WIBA are inconsistent with the Constitution. In doing so, the Supreme Court referred to Section 7 of Schedule 6 of the Constitution 2010 and expressed that all legislation prior to 2010:adding that:
30.In reference to Section 16, and to the argument that WIBA denies parties access to justice, the Supreme Court stated:
31.The Supreme Court further held that the jurisdiction of the High Court to deal with constitutional questions and violations that may arise was not ousted by granting the Director authority to make inquiries, which are essentially preliminary investigation, that are necessary to decide upon any claim or liability in accordance with WIBA. The Supreme Court expressed further that:
32.The Supreme Court went on to state that the Director is in essence performing a quasi-judicial function under Section 23 which is subject to supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court and his actions and decisions, even without review or appeal, are therefore still subject to the over-riding authority of the High Court. In that regard, the Supreme Court concluded:
33.In rejecting the contention that Section 25(1) and (3) of WIBA is inconsistent with the Constitution to the extent that it purports to discriminate against employees, the Supreme Court stated:
34.Regarding the complaint that Section 58(2) of WIBA is “inconsistent with the former and the Constitution 2010” to the extent that it purports to promote retrospective application, the Supreme Court in agreeing with the Court of Appeal stated:And later:
35.In our view, the fundamental concerns raised by the 1st to 5th respondents in their petition, as well as by the 6th respondent, relating to the complaints that WIBA: entailed usurpation of judicial power; undermines a litigant’s right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of the law decided in a fair and public hearing before a court or if appropriate another independent and impartial tribunal; is an affront to the doctrine of separation of powers; is discriminatory in its compensation structure; takes away accrued rights and expectations that have crystallized under the legal regime that existed; and that it is affront to the right of access to justice; were all addressed by the Supreme Court in the context of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
36.Apart from the command under Article 163(7) of the Constitution that all courts are bound by decisions of the Supreme Court, and although some of the parties in this matter are different from the parties in Supreme Court of Kenya in Petition No. 4 of 2020, the decision of the Supreme Court in that petition is a judgment in rem. Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition defines a judgment in rem as:
37.In Pattni vs. Ali & Anor (Isle of Mann (Staff of Government Division) [2006] UKPC 51 in which reliance was sought from Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law (2nd Edn.) p. 1025-6 to the effect that:
38.In Kamunyu & Others v Attorney General & Others (2007) 1 EA 116 the Court stated:
39.In Japheth Nzila Muangi vs. Kenya Safari Lodges & Hotels Ltd [2008] eKLR it was held:
40.Whereas the doctrine of res judicata may not in the strict sense apply here, we have no doubt that the decision of the Supreme Court, being a judgment in rem is binding and dispositive of this matter. It is no wonder that in concluding its judgment delivered on 3rd December 2019 in Petition No. 4 of 2019, the Supreme Court expressed itself thus:
41.For those reasons, we allow the appeal and set aside the judgment of the High Court in its entirety.
42.We further note that during the pendency of this appeal, on 24th April 2023, the Chief Justice published in the Kenya Gazette Practice Directions relating to pending claims regarding compensation for work related injuries and diseases instituted prior to the Supreme Court decision in Law Society of Kenya vs. Attorney General and another Petition No. 4 of 2019; [2019] eKLR that provide further guidance on the matter.
43.We order each party to bear its own costs.
DATED AND DELIVERED AT MOMBASA THIS 28TH DAY OF JULY 2023.S. GATEMBU KAIRU, FCIArb.................................................JUDGE OF APPEALP. NYAMWEYA.................................................JUDGE OF APPEALJ. LESIIT.................................................JUDGE OF APPEALI certify that this is a true copy of the original.SignedDEPUTY REGISTRAR