The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

Legal Notice 13 of 2006

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The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

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Legal Notice 13 of 2006

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Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists Act

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MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS ACT

THE MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS (CURRICULUM AND COURSE CONTENT) REGULATIONS

LEGAL NOTICE 13 OF 2006

Published in Kenya Gazette Vol. CVIII—No. 15 on 3 March 2006
Commenced on 3 March 2006

[Revised by 24th Annual Supplement (Legal Notice 221 of 2023) on 31 December 2022]

1.The Regulations may be cited as the Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations.

2.For the purpose of registration as a laboratory technician and technologist under the Act, the curriculum and course content set out in the Schedules shall apply and in particular, the curriculum and course content set out in the First Schedule shall apply to Certificate courses while the curriculum and course content set out in the Second Schedule shall apply to Diploma courses and the curriculum and course content set out in the Third Schedule shall apply to the Higher Diploma courses.

3.The Board may, in consultation with the College and with the approval of the Cabinet Secretary, amend the Schedules from time to time.

FIRST SCHEDULE [r. 2]

FORMS

_______________
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
_______________
THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD
CURRICULUM FOR CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0Course title

2.0Rationale

3.0Roles and functions.

4.0Programme aim.

5.0Programme objectives.

6.0Admission requirements.

7.0Course duration.

8.0Attendance pattern.

9.0Award of certificate.

10.0Teaching methods.

11.0Chemistry.

12.0Computers.

13.0Entrepreneurship education.

14.0Human anatomy and physiology.

15.0Instrumentation.

16.0Management/Laboratory practice.

17.0Mathematics and statistics.

18.0Medical terminology.

19.0Research methods and project.

20.0Social studies professional conduct, ethics and law.

21.0Sterilisation and disinfection.

22.0Microbiology.

23.0Clinical chemistry.

24.0Haematology.

25.0Histopathology and cytology.

26.0Blood transfusion science.

27.0Medical parasitology.

28.0Virology.

29.0Immunology.

30.0Appendix 1: Training standards.

31.0Appendix 2: Essential equipment.

32.0Appendix 3: Learning books.

1.0COURSE TITLEINTRODUCTIONThis course is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work as Medical Laboratory Technicians.

2.0RATIONALEThe public has become more aware of their health needs hence increasing the demand for laboratory services, which also includes use of technology and techniques that were not available previously.Therefore the course aims at providing healthcare professionals who will serve at primary health care level (health centre/dispensaries) in both the public and private sectors.

3.0ROLES AND FUNCTIONS

(i)Carry out basic laboratory tests.

(ii)Report on laboratory results.

(iii)Maintain laboratory equipment.

(iv)Manage a laboratory.

4.0PROGRAMME AIMThe course is intended to provide trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to provide basic medical laboratory services.

5.0PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES

5.0.1At the end of the course, the trainee should be able to do the following in a basic medical laboratory.

5.0.2Understand the basic techniques applied in the medical laboratory.

5.0.3Practice safety precautions in a medical laboratory.

5.0.4Select, set up and operate laboratory equipment.

5.0.5Apply standard operating procedures to obtain quality results.

5.0.6Acquire attitude that enhances the delivery of quality service.

5.0.7Use the appropriate knowledge and skills in problem solving in the work environment.

5.0.8Contribute to the development of science and technology through creativity and application of acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes.

5.0.9Observe the professional code of conduct.

6.0ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSTrainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements obtained at one sitting:Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) with a mean grade of C– (minus) or equivalent, and in addition a minimum grade of C– (minus) in the following—Biology/biological sciences.Chemistry/physical sciences.English or Kiswahili.They should also have a minimum grade of D+ in the following:Mathematics or Physics.

7.0COURSE DURATIONThe course is designed to have duration of two (2) years of 1980 contact hours where 1320 hours are spent on campus and 660 hours are spent outside campus on clinical placement.

8.0ATTENDANCE PATTERN

8.0.1TERM SYSTEM

Each academic year will be three (3) terms which will be covered as follows in each term:

Year		On-Campus	Clinical Attachment Hours
I	TERM ONE	440	-
	TERM TWO	440	-
	TERM THREE	440	-
2	TERM FOUR	-	440
	TERM FIVE	-	440
	TERM SIX	440	-
TOTAL		1760	880

9.0AWARD OF CERTIFICATEKMLTTB or its agent shall award the certificates.

10.0TEACHING METHODSFor trainees to attain the basic competencies, the following teaching methods shall be applied:• Discussion.• Lectures.• Role play.• Simulation.• Demonstration.• Class practicals.• Project.• Tutorials.• Attachment.• Field visits.

10.0.1TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCESThe following teaching aids and resources shall be applied in the teaching methods employed during the course:

10.0.2AIDS• Chalkboard/whiteboard.• Charts.• Slide projector.• Models.• Specimen.• Realia.• Overhead projector.• Radio.• Video/film.• Computer Interactive learning.• Computer Aaided/assisted learning.

10.0.3RESOURCES• Recommended textbooks.• Library.• Laboratory.• Health institution.

10.0.4FORMAT OF STUDENTS ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

10.0.4.1Each trainee shall be expected to attend at least 90% of the possible attendance in each subject and complete satisfactorily the coursework to qualify for the summative examination.

10.0.4.2Each trainee shall be expected to have passed each subject at 50% as the pass mark to qualify to sit that same subject at summative level.

10.0.4.3Course work will be given a weighting of 40% as the final examination weightage of 60% will apply in the determination of examination results.

10.0.4.5Assessment and evaluation shall be categorised as follows:

12.1.1Continuous Assessment(Conducted instructions)

(a)Timed tests.

(b)Carry away Tests.

(c)Practicals and orals.

(d)Assignments.

(e)Projects.

(f)Oral Examinations (viva voce).

10.0.4.6Summative Examinations.

Shall be conducted by a KMLTTB authorised examination body.

10.0.4.7Format of the subjects for examination in the final examination shall be:

(a)Project.

(b)Practicals and orals.

(c)Six (6) theory papers.

(i)Microbiology.

(ii)Virology.

(iii)Clinical Chemistry.

(iv)Histopathology.

(v)Haematology.

(vi)Blood Transfusion Science.

(vii)Parasitology.

10.0.4.8Length of papers.

Time for each paper shall be allocated as follows:—

a) Project		60 hours
b) Practicals and Orals		4 hours
c) Theory		2 hours each

10 The following grading system shall be used:—

Grade			Score%
A			75-100
B			65-74
C			50-64
D			40-49
E			0-39

11.0CHEMISTRYThis course is intended to provide trainees with the pre-requisite knowledge in the application of knowledge and skills in the professional subjects.

11.0.1GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of the course, the trainee should be able to:—• State physical and chemical changes.• Describe the atomic structure.• Describe the periodic table, relative to the first twenty elements.• Explain various types of bonds.• Balance chemical equations.• Explain use of pH scale.• Explain the terms used in chromatography as a qualitative method.• Explain the application of different types of chromatography.• Explain titrimetric analysis as a quantitative technique.• Explain concentration terms.• Prepare solutions.• Define the term organic chemistry.• Identify functional groups of hydrocarbons.• State common uses of hydrocarbons.

11.0.2CONTENT

Quantitative Analysis		• Definition of qualitative analysis.• Concentration terms.• Preparation of solutions.• Acid/base indicators.• Glassware used in quantitative measurements.
Organic chemistry		• Terms used.• Difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds.• Homologous series.• Common uses.AlkanesAlcohol.Aldehydes.Ketones.Carboxylic acids.
Physical and chemicalchanges		• Physical changes.• Chemical changes.
Atom, elements, compound and mixtures		• Structure of an atom properties of an atom.• Dalton’s Atomic Theory.• Mixtures and compounds.• The periodic table.• Relationship of physical and chemical properties and their position in the periodic table.• Relationship of physical and chemical properties of elements in the periodic table.
Chemical combinations		• Types of bonds.• Chemical equations.• Properties of bonds.
Acid, bases and salts		• Definitions.• Properties.• Differences between weak and strong acids and bases.• pH scale.• Neutralization.• Salts.

12.0COMPUTERS

12.0.1This unit prepares the student to understand the role of computers in managing a laboratory and to keep in line with the trends all over the world.

12.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, the students should be able to:—

(i)Describe the basic components of computers.

(ii)State the principles of computer operating systems and information processing.

(iii)Apply common computer software packages for data management.

(iv)Understand the use of computers in Health Care Services and Research.

12.0.3CONTENTS

a) Computers:		-Personal computers.
		-Micro-computers.
Component's of a computer:		-Hardware and software
		-Hardware: CPU, Input and Output devices, files storage devices.
Software-operating system -		Application programmes.
2) Principles of computer operating system:
• OS.
• Application programmes
		-Major applications
• Data Management: -		Person's role to assure correct data
		-Computer environment — Assuring power supply.
		-Introduction to windows — Word Processing.
		Setting up files.
		Modifying, storing and Laboratory Management.

(4)Use of computers in Health care Laboratory Delivery and Laboratory Management.

13.0ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION

13.0.1AIM: This subject is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes that may enable the trainee to start and manage a business enterprise.

13.0.2OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit, the trainee should:

(a)Acquire positive attitude toward self-employment.

(b)Understand the factors that affect the success of an enterprise.

(c)Apply entrepreneurial competency in business situations.

(d)Manage an enterprise successfully.

13.0.3SUBJECT SUMMARY

Topic	Sub Topic	Time
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT	• Importance of self-employment.• Entrepreneurship contribution to National development.• Requirements for entry into self-employment.
ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES	• Business opportunities.• Assessing product demand.• Matching skills and resources to changing technology.
ENTREPRENEURIALAWARENESS	• Evaluating business environment.• Type of business finance.• Contractual agreements.• Government policy on small scale enterprises.• Problems of starting a business enterprise.
ENTREPRENEURIALMOTIVATION	• Internal motivating factors.• Techniques of self assessment.• External motivating factors.
ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE	• Decision making in business.• Institute change.• Coping with competition.• Risk taking.• Techniques of time management.• Leadership qualities.
ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT	• Evaluating business goals.• Efficiency of resources utilization.• Finance planning.• Production management.• Management of human resources.• Work study.• Marketing and public relations.• Information management.• Project planning.

14.0HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

14.0.1AIM: This subject is intended to equip the trainee with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to understand the various parts and functions of the body in relation to the medical laboratory profession.

14.0.2OBJECTIVES

(i)Define anatomy and physiology.

(ii)Outline the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory (blood), urinary, digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems.

(iii)Identify various cells, tissues, organs and systems.

Topic	Sub-Topic		Time
i) Introduction to Anatomy and physiology	Definition
	Importance
	Cells	Structure
		Functions
	Epithelial cells:	Definition
		Types, structure and
		Sites
	Tissue Types
	Organs Structures
	Systems Functions
ii) Circulatory system	Blood, the heart, blood vessels and sketch of these structures.
iii) Urino-genital-system	The kidney and urino-genital tract, the reproductive organs, sketch of their structures.
iv) Digestive system	The stomach, the liver,intestines, pancreas and their sketches.·
v) Respiratory system	The nose, trachea, and lungs and their sketches.
vi) Practical	Identification of various cells, tissues, organs and systems.

15.0INSTRUMENTATION

15.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to maintain, handle and operate laboratory instruments and apparatus.

15.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(i)identify the types of laboratory instruments and apparatus.

(ii)install instruments and organise benches.

(iii)understand principles of functional units and instrument operation.

(iv)maintain daily checks, services and decontamination.

15.0.3CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-Topic
1	Lab-instruments	Colorimeter flame photometer oven incubators microscopes urinometers centrifuge ISE Deep freezers Refrigerators glucometer stills balances.
	Apparatus	Dilutors Dispensers Lab wareIntegral syringe.
2	Instrument installation	Size of instrument weight voltage ventilation.
3	Bench Organization	Water volatile chemicals fumes fire outbreak biowaste.
4	Principles of functional units	• Photometry: colorimeterFlame photometerGlucometer, ELISA• Heating Elements: Water bath IncubatorsHot air Autoclave StillsIncinerators.• Microscopy Miscropes-light- inverted• Photoelectric• Centrifugal forces: Centrifuges• Refrigeration Deep freezers refrigerators cold room.• Density Urinometer• Measurement Weight- Balance Volumes Dilutors Dispensers Integral syringes and reagent bottles.• Electrochemistry: Ion selective electrodesDeionizers.pH meter
5	Daily maintenance• Instruments• Apparatus• Decontamination	• Dusting covering cleaning of instruments daily checks and servicing visits trouble shooting.• Cleaning drying• Disinfectant anti-septic sterilization.

16.0MANAGEMENT/LABORATORY PRACTICE

16.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to equip students with knowledge, attitudes and skills that will enhance efficient delivery and interaction with staff and patients.

16.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

(1)Design a standard laboratory layout.

(2)Practice general safety procedures in the laboratory.

(3)Carry out specific cleaning procedures of apparatus and the general laboratory.

(4)Maintain a laboratory inventory.

(5)Prepare purchase documents.

(6)Administer basic first-aid.

(7)Demonstrate the procedures to handle a victim.

(8)Identify tools and equipment in first-aid.

(9)Describe the principles and practice of laboratory management.

(10)Demonstrate skills of effective communication.

(11)Identify methods of storing and retrieval of information.

16.0.3CONTENT

Code	Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
	LaboratoryLayout	• Draw a simple basic laboratory layout• Visit medical laboratories.
	Safety	• Glass fittings.• Electrical connection heating.• Fire extinguishing and control.• Protective clothing.• Storage of chemicals, reagents and specimens cabinets.• Carrying transporting and mixing of chemicals and reagents.• Labeling classification.
	Cleanliness	• Cleaning of benches, floor, sink, glassware, plastic ware and procedures involved.
	First Aid	• Definition, aims and roles of first aid.• Assessment of accident situation.• Management of clinical conditions requiring first aid.• Ethics in first aid.• Demonstrations from St. Johns Ambulance on first aid techniques.
	Management	• Inventory and purchasing.• Recording information.• Stocktaking.• Preparation of purchase documents.
	Communication	• Communication.• Skills.• Implementing storage and retrieval.

17.0MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

17.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to review and update the trainee knowledge, skills and attitudes required for understanding mathematical and statistical skills applied in the profession.

17.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:

(a)Perform basic use of numbers and algebraic expressions.

(b)Use graphs and related techniques to solve problems.

(c)Use statistical techniques to collect and represent data.

(d)Carry out basic data analysis.

17.0.3CONTENTS

Topic		Sub-topic
1. ALGEBRA		• Indices.• Logarithms.• Applications of logarithms.• Linear equations.• Simultaneous equations.• Matrices.• Transposition of formulae.
2. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS		• Solutions.• Applications.
3. LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR GRAPHS		• Construction.• Solutions.
4. COLLECTION, ORGANIZATIONAND PRESENTATION OF DATA		•Data collection.• Data organization.• Date presentation.
5. DATA ANALYSIS		• Measures of central tendency.• Measures of dispersion.
6. SIMPLE REGRESSION ANDCORRELATION ANALYSIS		• Regression analysis equivalent 2 variables only.• Correlation analysis 2 variables only.

18.0MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

18.0.1AIM:

This unit is intended to enable students understand medical terminologies for the purpose of interaction in class and work places and use in reporting laboratory results.

18.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

(1)List commonly used medical terms and words.

(2)Discuss the meanings of these word.

(3)Understand the Greek alphabets.

(4)Explain the usage and applicability of these terms and words.

18.0.3CONTENTS

(1)Common medical terms, qualities of medical languages, principles of derivation (i.e. words from Latin and Greek).

(2)Discuss word-roots, prefixes, suffixes- Combining forms.- Compound words (Greek and Latin).- Anatomical synonyms.

(3)Greek alphabet.

(4)Words pertaining to:- Resemblance.- Cavites.- Deficiencies.- Excess numbers.- Difficulties.- Ease.- Paired and unpaired.- Measurement and size.- Shapes.- Softness, hardness and thickness.- Sensation, feeling and affection.- Growth and reproduction.- Goodness and badness.- Colour.- Movement and transport.- Medical entomological terms.

19.0RESEARCH METHODS AND PROJECT

19.0.1AIM

This course aims at equipping the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them carry out scientific projects.

19.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Collect project data and present the date

(2)Analyze the data

(3)Interpret the data

(4)Prepare a project report in a structure format

19.0.3CONTENT

Topic		Sub-Topic
Introduction		• Projects.
Data collection		• Observational method.• Interviews and Questionnaires.• Trace measures.• Content analysis.• Data achieves.• Measurements.• Qualitative method.° Data representation.° Central tendency.° Dispersion.° Regression analysis.
Use of computer		• Application of spreadsheets to compiling data.• Production of report.
Project write up		• Documentation of sources.• Carrying out of project.• Reporting° Lay out.° Data presentation.

20.0SOCIAL STUDIES PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICS AND LAW

20.0.1AIM: This course is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, social skills and attitudes for effective role-play in society and work place.

20.0.2OBJECTIVES

At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:

(a)Formulate personal ideas.

(b)Relate the behaviors of individual to their efficiency and effectiveness in an organisation.

(c)Understand the Public Health Act and MLTT Act.

(d)Comply with the provisions of the MLTT Act and the relevant provisions of the Public Health Act (Cap. 242);

(e)Understand the role of Government.

20.0.3CONTENT

Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
1. SOCIAL STUDIES	• Basic medical psychology.• Basic medical sociology.• Social economics.• Government.• National Philosophy.• Science and technology.• Commerce.• Personal inter-relationships.
2. ETHICS	• Meaning and importance.• Role of religion on society.• Significance of social and individual values.• Constitution of Association of Kenya Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers.• Technology and religion.
3. LAW	• Definition.• Importance of law.• Sources of Kenyan laws Public Health Act.• Medical Laboratories Technicians and Technologists Act.• Elements of law.• Law in day to-day life of an individual.

21.0STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTION

21.0.1AIM

The subject is intended to equip the trainee with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to understand the importance, and practice sterilisation and disinfection in a medical laboratory.

21.0.2OBJECTIVES

At the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

(i)Define terminologies used in sterilisation and disinfection.

(ii)Explain techniques used for sterility testing.

(iii)Explain methods and factors influencing sterilisation.

(iv)Practice sterilisation, disinfection and waste disposal in various disciplines.

21.0.3CONTENT

Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
Terminologies	Sterilization, disinfection, germicides, bactericides,antiseptics, fungicides, bacteriostatics.
Methods	Physical methods:Heat, dry heat, moist heat.Radiation: Ultra-violet, ionisation radiation, filtration.Chemical methods:Alcohol, chloroform, chlorine, glycerol, phenol, cresol, aldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds.
Factors influencing sterilisation	Nature, load and type of micro-organisms, nature of material and containers, time and temperature, humidity and organic contaminants.
Sterility testing	Automatic process control, recording thermometer,thermocouple measurement, chemical indicators, adhesive tape (autoclave) biological control.
Sterilization, disinfection and waste disposal	Microbiology, clinical chemistry, haematology, blood transfusion, parasitology, histopathology.

22.0MICROBIOLOGY

22.0.1AIM

To equip trainees with adequate knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work in a health centre laboratory effectively.

22.0.2OBJECTIVES

Year OneBy the end of the 1st year, the trainee should be able to:

(i)State and define the major classes of micro-organisms.

(ii)Outline laboratory safety measures.

(iii)Describe various sterilisation methods.

(iv)Explain collection and processing of specimens.

(v)Explain the various staining techniques.

(vi)Describe the types of culture media.

(vii)Explain the cultivation of bacteria.

(viii)Systematic Bacteriology.

22.0.3SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

(i)Explain the morphology and staining of the organism.

(ii)Explain cultural characteristics.

(iii)Explain the biochemical characteristics.

22.0.4CONTENTS

Year OneMajor classes—bacterial, fungi, viruses, protozoa, mycoplasm, chlamydia, and rickettsia safety measures in the laboratory, safety cabinets, WHO code of practice, laboratory acquired infections, handling and storage of chemicals and laboratory waste disposal.

22.0.4.1Methods of sterilization

• Definitions.• Sterilizations.• Disinfections.• Antiseptic.• Heat.• Chemical.• Radiation.• Filtration.

22.0.4.2Collection and processing of specimen

• Specimen containers.• Collection of specimen.• Preparation and sterilisation.

22.0.4.3Types of specimens

• Urine.• Sputum.• Stool.• Pus.• Fluids.• Cerebral spinal cord.• Blood.• Swab.• Skin, hair, nail.• Aspirates.

22.0.4.4Processing of specimens

22.0.4.5Staining techniques

• Gram stain.• Negative stain.• ZN stain.

22.0.4.6Culture media

• Types of culture media.• Basic, enriched, selective.• Differential, transport.• Preparation of media.• Preparation methods, storage—quality control.

22.0.4.7CULTURE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS

• Growth requirements, culture techniques.

22.0.4.8IDENTIFICATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS

• Biochemical tests, serological tests.

22.0.4.9SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

For each genus give:• Morphology and staining, culture characteristics, biochemical characteristics,laboratory diagnosis.• Genus.• Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter,Enterobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Haemophilus.

22.0.4.10OBJECTIVES YEAR TWO (2)

(i)Outline the disc diffusion method of sensitivity.

(ii)Define the terms used in mycology.

(iii)Describe the morphology of fungi.

22.0.5CONTENT YEAR TWO (2)

22.0.5.1SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY (Continued) Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Brucella,Bordetella, Clostridium, Bacillus Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Treponema.

Antibial sensitivity testing, disc diffusion method.

22.0.5.2Mycology

• Definition of terms.• Moulds, yeast.• Morphology and staining.• Yeast cells, gram staining, negative stain potassium hydroxide preparation.

23.0CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

23.0.1AIM

The course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in a clinical chemistry laboratory.

23.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to perform the following in a clinical chemistry laboratory:—

(i)Describe basic concepts of clinical chemistry.

(ii)Understand basic chemistry.

(iii)Practice safety measures.

(iv)Maintain and care for equipment and apparatus.

(v)Store chemicals and reagents.

(vi)Collect specimen.

(vii)Understand basic principles of techniques.

Year	Topic	Sub-Topic
	Introduction	Clinical Chemistry.Introduction, definition.Physical chemistry, definition of atoms, atomic structure, elements, molecules, compounds, nails micro and organic.Bases: Strong and weak.pH: pH scale.Calculations.Preparation and importance.Indicators: Litmus methyl orange, red Phenolphthalein.Solutions: Standard working; saturated, supersaturated, normal, molar, solution, formula.RV x RC__________OCTitration – Principle.Procedure.Chloride.Calculations.
	Organic chemistry	Definition, structure of carbon, homologous series.
	Biochemistry	Definition, biomolecules, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins, lipids, vitamins, classifications.
	Basic physiology	Functions of the body systems:• Kidney.• Liver.• Pancreas,• Stomach, intestines.• Capillaries, arteries, veins.
	Basic pathology	The liver in relation to bilirubin, pancreas in relation to diabetes nephrosis.
	Safety measures— chemicals	Sources of injuriesCacinogenic poisonous, radioactive, explosives, fuming.Protective measures:Protective gear.Methods of disposal.Decontamination.
	Instruments	Types of injuries:• Mechanical, electric, thermal (hot water, hot air, steam, dry heat.Protective measures• Protective gear.• Bench organization.• Proper insulation and voltage.
	Lab. ware	Source of injuries.Breakages, sharps.Mechanical.Protective measures.Protective gear, proper handling and disposal.
	Maintenance and care of Lab. ware	Glassware, plastics, ceramics.Cleaning: use of detergents, dichromate solution, strong acids and hot water.Drying: room temperature, hot air oven.Storage, racks, canisters, drawers, cabinets.
	Instruments	Daily maintenance: checks, manufacturer instructions.Laboratory, organization, instrument installation and regular servicing.
	STORAGE OF CHEMICALS ANDREAGENTS	Corrosives: non-metallic containers, labelling, isolation, refrigeration expiry date. Volatile and flammables cold storage.Ventilation, isolation, fireproofing, hazard labels.Analytical reagents and chemicals labelling, aluminium foils and lead containers for radioactive material.Lockable cabinets, desiccated cabinets, brown containers, and dark rooms. Labelling to include expiry dates.
	Specimen Collection	Containers, anticoagulants, disposable needles, and syringes. Labels, preservatives, request form interpretation.
	Mode of Collection	Aseptic technique, hygienic.Sites of bleeding and stasis.Types of specimen.Blood, stool, urine, C.S.F.Aspirates and exudates saliva, sweat.

Year	Topic			Content
	Basic principlesPipettes:• Types• Pipetting			• Graduated• Volumetric.• Pasteur.• Micropipettes.• Automated.• Mouth.• Fillers.• Capillarity.• Atmospheric pressure.
	Qualitative and quantitative			Urine – physical examination.• Chemical analysis.• Microscopy.Stool – Physical examination.• Chemical analysis.C.S.F. – Physical examination.• Biochemistry.Urine sugars.• Proteins.• Clearance tests.• Osmolarity.• pH.Blood – Glucose.• Urea.• Bilirubin.• Creatinine.• Electrolytes.• Uric acid.• Protein.• Transaminases.• Alkaline phosphatase.
	Separation			CSF exudate aspirates.• Glucose.• Protein.Urine sugars – Chromatography.

YEAR TWO (2)

23.0.3OBJECTIVES—

(a)Carry out diagnostic tests.

(b)Quality control measures.

Year Two	Topic	Content
	Clinical placement	Clinical placement.
	PracticalsUrineQualitative and quantitative	Volume, colour, appearance, odour, sugars, ketones, bilirubin, blood, protein, pH, crystals, casts, cells, clearance, osmolarity
	BloodQuantitative	Glucose, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, uric acid, total protein, albumin, transaminases, alkaline, phosphatase.
	CSF, Exudates and aspirates.	Glucose, protein.
	Saliva and sweat	Enzymes and electrolytes.
	Separation	Urine sugars and reducing substances (chromatographic techniques).
	Quality control measures	Handling of control materials levy, Jennings plots, units inchemical pathology and reference ranges.

24.0HAEMATOLOGY

24.0.1AIM:

At the end of this course unit, the trainee should be equipped with basic skills and attitudes in haematology to be able to perform haematological techniques and interpret the results accurately in a clinical or research laboratory.

24.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit the trainee should be able to:

(i)Acquire knowledge on blood formation and various haematological disorders.

(ii)Perform haematological techniques and observe safety precautions.

(iii)Interpret test results in relation to the established norms.

24.0.3SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At the end of this year, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Describe haemopoesis.

(ii)Identify blood cells.

(iii)Prepare and use haematological stains.

(iv)Collect haematological samples.

(v)Enumerate blood cells.

(vi)Estimate haemoglobin.

(vii)Perform packed cell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation techniques.

(viii)Calculate haematological indices.

(ix)Explain the types of anaemia.

24.0.4CONTENT

24.0.4.1INTRODUCTION TO HAEMATOLOGY• Definition.• Importance.• Safety in haematology laboratory.

24.0.4.2BLOOD COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS• Erythrocytes.• Leucocytes.• Thrombocytes.• Plasma.

24.0.4.3HAEMOPOESIS• Origin of blood cells.• Development of all blood cells.

24.0.4.4HAEMATOLOGICAL SAMPLES

• Blood collection containers.• Anticoagulants.• Venous blood sample.• Capillary blood sample.

24.0.4.5BLOOD FILM PREPARATION• Thin.• Thick.

24.0.4.6HAEMATOLOGICAL STAINS• Romanowsky stains.• Supravital stains.• Staining techniques.

24.0.4.7HAEMOCYTOMETRY• Total blood cell count.• Differential leucocytes count.• Reticulocyte count.

24.0.4.8PACKED CELL VOLUME• Microhaematocrit.• Macrohaematocrit.

24.0.4.9ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE• Wintrobe.• Westergren.• Landau Adams.

24.0.4.10HAEMOGLOBIN• Definition.• Composition.• Types of haemoglobin.• Methods of estimation.

24.0.4.11HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES• Mean cell volume.• Mean cell haemoglobin.• Mean cell haemoglobin concentration.

24.0.4.12SYSTEMATIC REPORTING OF FILMS• Red blood cells.• White blood cells.• Platelets.• Blood parasites.

24.0.4.13ANAEMIA• Definition.• Causes of anaemia.• Classification.• Types of anaemia.• Laboratory investigations.

24.0.4.14YEAR TWO (2)

At the end of this year the trainee should be able to:

(a)Describe vascular system coagulation mechanism.

(b)Perform basic haematological techniques.

24.0.4.15 CONTENT24.0.4.16 HAEMATOSIS• Definition.• Role of platelets.• Basic coagulation mechanism.• Basic tests for haemostasis.24.0.5.17 PRACTICAL PLACEMENT

25.0HISTOPATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY

25.0.1AIM

The course unit is intended to provide trainees with basic knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to handle histopathological and cytological techniques in a medical laboratory.

25.0.2INTRODUCTION TO HISTOPATHOLOGY (2 HRS)

25.0.2.1CONTENTS

(i)Definition.

(ii)Application in disease set-ups.

25.0.2.2Terminologies in common use

(i)Autolysis.

(ii)Putrefaction.

(iii)Biopsies.

(iv)Autopsies.

25.0.2.3Source of Specimens

(i)Autopsies.

(ii)Biopsies.

(iii)Smears.

25.0.2.4Cell and epithelium

25.0.2.5Specific objectives At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(a)Describe cell structure and cell division.

(b)Describe the four primary tissues.

(c)State types of epithelial cells.

(d)State the functions of epithelial tissue.

25.0.4.6CONTENTS

25.0.4.7Cell structure and division• Cell membrane.• Nucleus.• Cytoplasmic organelles.• Mitosis.• Meiosis.

25.0.4.8Primary Tissues• Epithelium.• Connective.• Muscular.• Nervous.

25.0.4.9Types of Epithelial Cells• Cuboidal.• Columnar.• Pseudostratified.• Stratified.

25.0.4.10Functions of Epithelial Tissues• Transport.• Protection.• Excretion.• Reproduction.• Absorption.• Assimilation.• Respiration.

25.0.4.11Fixation and Fixatives

25.0.4.12Specific objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)State the purpose of fixation.

(ii)State the effects of fixatives.

(iii)Explain preparation of the fixatives.

(iv)Describe methods of fixing tissues.

(v)Explain storage and labelling procedures of fixed specimens.

25.0.4.13Contents:

25.0.4.14Terminologies used• Fixation.• Fixatives.• Simple – Cytological.• Compound – Nuclear.• Micro anatomical – Cytoplasmic.

25.0.4.15Purposes of Fixation• Autolytic changes.• Putrefaction changes.• Preservation of tissue.

25.0.4.16Effects of fixatives on tissues• Penetration.• Precipitation.• Hardening the tissue.

25.0.4.17Preparation of fixatives• Simple fixatives.• Compound fixatives.• Advantages and disadvantages.

25.0.4.18Storage Procedures and Labelling• Water-proof and Indian Ink labels.• Diamond pencils.• Storage in 70% alcohol.• 10% formal saline.

25.0.4.19DECALCIFICATION

25.0.4.20Specific objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Define decalcification.

(ii)Describe methods of decalcification.

(iii)Describe methods of determining end point of decalcification.

(iv)Explain treatment of tissues after decalcification.

25.0.4.21Definitions• Purpose.• Uses.

25.0.4.22Methods of Decalcification• Mineral acids.• Chelating agents.• Ion exchange resin.• Electrolysis.• Factors affecting decalcification.• Surface decalcification.

25.0.4.23Determination of end Points of Decalcification• X-ray method.• Chemical tests.• Mechanical methods—probing, bending.

25.0.4.24Treatment of Tissues after Decalcification• Water method.• 70% alcohol method.

25.0.4.25TISSUE PROCESSING

25.0.4.26Specific objectives:At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Explain dehydration techniques.

(ii)Describe clearing process.

(iii)Explain impregnation and embedding procedures.

(iv)Mention common embedding media.

(v)Store blocks, slides and reports.

25.0.4.27Contents:

25.0.4.28Dehydration Techniques• Use of alcohol.• Acetone.• Dioxane.

25.0.4.29Clearing process by use of:• Xylene.• Chloroform.• Toluene.• Cedar wood oil.

25.0.4.30Wax Impregnation and Embedding Procedures• Paraffin wax method.• Vacuum embedding methods.

25.0.4.31Common Embedding Media• Gelatin.• Celloidon.

25.0.4.32Use of Cabinets, Files

25.0.4.33MICROTOMES AND MICROTOMY

25.0.4.34Specific objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Classify various types of microtomes.

(ii)State types of microtome knives.

(iii)Explain different methods of sharpening microtome knives.

(iv)Describe section cutting.

(v)Explain how to float sections.

25.0.4.35Content

25.0.4.36Types of Microtomes• Rocking microtome.• Rotary microtome.• Base sledge microtome.• Sliding microtome.• Freezing microtome.

25.0.4.37Microtome Knives• Plain wedge.• Biconcave.• Plano concave.• Semi-plano-concave.• John Heifer Knife.

25.0.4.38Knife sharpeners• Honing.• Stropping.• Automatic sharpener.

25.0.4.39Faults in section cutting• Chatter.• Scores.• Sections fail to ribbon.• Section crumble on cutting.• Sections are squashed.

25.0.4.40Floating of sections• Floating out in water bath at 6-10%c lower than the melting point of paraffin wax.• Use of 20% alcohol.

25.0.4.41TERM THREE (3), FIRST YEAR

7.Section Adhesives.At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)State the types of adhesives.

(ii)Describe the use of adhesives.

(iii)Prepare types of adhesives.

25.0.4.42Contents

(i)Types—• Mayors Egg albumin.• Glycerine jelly.• Starch paste.

(ii)Use.

(iii)Preparation:• Ingredients.• Procedure.

8.Theory of staining.

25.0.4.43Specific objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Define dyes and stains.

(ii)Explain preparation of stains.

(iii)Outline various staining methods.

(iv)List staining equipment used.

25.0.4.44Contents:

(i)Dyes and stains.• Definition.

(ii)Preparation.• Haematoxylin.• Eosin.• Van Gieson.• Litmus.• Gram stain.• Ziehl'Nielsen.• Perls’ Prussian Blue.

(iii)Staining methods.• Direct staining.• Progressive and regressive staining.• Negative staining.• Vital staining.• Indirect staining.

(iv)Equipments.• Staining dishes, staining racks.• Bunsen burners, hot plate, hot air oven.

9.Histological pigments.

25.0.4.45Specific objectives

At the end of this topic the trainee should be able to:

(i)Define pigments.

(ii)Classify pigments.

(iii)Identify pigments.

(iv)Remove pigments.

25.0.4.46Contents

(i)Definition.

(ii)Classification.• Artifacts.• Exogenous.• Autogenous.• Endogenous.• Haematogenous.

(iii)Identification/Demonstration—• Use of stains.

(iv)Removal• Use of bleaching agents.

25.1CYTOPATHOLOGY

25.1.1Specific objectives• Define cytopathology.• State the use of cytopathology.• List sources of specimens.• Collect specimens.• List equipments and apparatus used.• List fixatives used.• State staining methods employed.• Screen and classify pap smears.

25.1.2CONTENTS

(i)Definition

Uses of cytopathology.Diagnosis of cancer.Sex determination.

(ii)Sources of specimen

Cervical smears.Buccal smears.Body fluids.Urine.

(iii)Collection of specimens.Collection and preparation of smears.Techniques involved.

(iv)Equipment used.• Ayre spatula.• Coplin jars.• Speculum.• Bulb pipettes.

(v)Fixation methods used.• Drop on, Aerosols.• Alcohols.

(vi)Staining methods.• Papanicolau stain.• Haematoxyline and Eosin.• Methylene blue.

(vii)Screening and classifying Pap smears.• CIN – I – V.• Pap Class I – V.• Abnormalities associated with malignancy.

25.1.3Mountants

25.1.4Specific objectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Explain types of mountants.

(ii)State the uses of mounting media.

(iii)Outline different methods of mounting.

(iv)Explain what a ringing media is.

25.1.5Contents

(i)Types of mountants.• Resinous or synthetic.• Aqueous.

(ii)Use of mountants:• Mounting stained sections.• Mounting frozen sections.

(iii)Methods of mounting.• Permanent preparations.• Temporary preparations.

(iv)Ringing media:• Paraffin media.• Plasticine.

6TH.TERM

25.1.6Museum Techniques

25.1.7Specific ObjectivesAt the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(a)Collect specimen for museum purposes.

(b)List methods of preservation.

25.1.8Contents:

(i)Methods of collection.• Netting.• Biopsy specimen.• Trapping.• Autopsy specimen.

(ii)Preservation:• Drying.• Chemical treatment.

25.1.9Safety precautions

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able:• To observe safety in a histological laboratory.

25.1.10Contents

(i)Fire hazards.

(ii)Injuries.

(iii)Explosives.

(iv)Handling of specimens.

25.1.11Mortuary techniques

25.1.12Specific objectives

At the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:

(a)Handle the bereaved members of the public emphatically.

(b)Respect all cultures.

(c)Handle the deceased body from the ward level up to the time the body is buried or collected by relatives.(1) Storing at appropriate temperature 0-4°c.(2) Injecting with fixatives in main cavities;(3) Total body fixation-embalming by use of chemical solutions;(4) Dressing and final respects;

(d)Postmortem.(5) stitching opened bodies.

25.1.13 Public relations.

(a)Handling bereaved persons.

(b)Language.

(c)Basic counselling.

25.1.14 Traditional and Religious Cultures.

(a)Major Kenyan cultures.

(b)Major Kenyan religions.

(c)Ethnocentrism.

(d)International cultures.

25.1.15 Handling Deceased Persons.

(a)Collection.

(b)Registration.

(c)Storage.

(i)Embalming.

(ii)Minimal preservation.

(d)Body preparation for burial.

(i)Dressing.

(ii)Grooming.

25.1.16 Post-mortem

(a)Reasons.

(b)Importance.

(c)Records.

(d)Stitching the body.

25.1.17 EMBALMINGThrough the jugular vein you pass (inject) a mixture of formal saline + glycerin + red dye until all clotted blood is liquefied.

25.1.18PURPOSE OF EMBALMING

(a)Long storage.

(b)International standards transport.

(c)Aseptic purposes.

	Topic	Sub-Topic	Time
IT	INTRODUCTION	• Importance of Histopathology and cytology.•Tenninologies used.• Sources of specimens.
2T	CELL AND EPITIIELIUM	• Cell structure and division.• The four primary tissues.• Types of epithelial cells.• Function of epithelial tissues.
3T	FIXATION AND FIXATIVES	• Purposes of fixation.• Tenninologies used.• Effects of fixatives.• Preparation.• Methods of.fixation.• Storage and labelling.
4T	DECALCIFICATION	• Definition.• Methods of decalcification.• Treatment of tissue after decalcification.• Determination end point of decalcification.
5T	TISSUE PROCESSING	• Dehydration.• Clearing.• Wax impregnation and other common embedding media.• Storage of blocks slides and reports.
6T	MICROTOMY	• Types of microtomes.• Microtomes knives.• Knife sharpeners.• Faults in sectioning.• Floating out of sections.
7T	SECTION ADHESIVES	• Types of adhesives.• Purpose of adhesives.• Preparation.
8T	THEROY OF STAINING	• Definition of dyes and stains.• Preparation of stains.• Types of staining reactions.• Staining methods.• Staining equipment.
9T	HISTOLOGICAL PIGMENTS	• Definition.• Types of pigments encountered.• Their identification and removal.
10T	CYTOLOGY	• Definition.• Terminologies used.• Uses of cytology.• Sources of specimens and collection.•Equipments/apparatus used.• Fixatives employed.• Staining methods.• Slide screening.
11T	MOUNTANTS	• Types of mountants.• Uses of mounting media.• Methods of mounting.• Ringing media.
12T	MUSEUM TECHNIQUES	• Collection of specimens.• Methods of preservation.• Labeling and display of specimens
13T	SAFETY PRECAUTIONS	• Physical injuries.• Fire hazards.• Chemicals.• Explosives.• Infectious specimens.
14T	MORTUARY TECHNIQUES	• Public relations.• Cultural values.• Body handling.• Body dressing.• Basic embalming.• Body suturing.

26.0BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE

26.0.1AIM

This course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in blood transfusion science laboratory.YEAR 1At the end of this year the trainee should be able to:

(i)Define basic blood transfusion science terminologies.

(ii)Explain immune and natural antibodies.

(iii)Explain antigen-antibody reactions

(iv)Mention various blood group system.

(v)Perform blood grouping techniques.

(vi)Determine errors affecting results.

(vii)Explain the preparation of basic reagents and antisera.

(viii)Perform and interpret compatibility test.

(ix)Explain different types of transfusion reactions.

(x)List laboratory investigations performed in transfusion reactions.

26.0.2CONTENT

26.0.3INTRODUCTION

Definition of the terms blood transfusion science and blood importance.

26.0.4TERMINOLOGIES

Antigen, antibody, agglutination, Haemolysis, Sensitisation, Precipitation, Complement, Hapten.

26.0.5ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

History, inheritance, Antigens, Antibodies, Technique and sub-groups.

26.0.6RHESUS BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

History, inheritance nomenclature, Antigen, Rhesus null phenotype, Variants of rhesus grouping techniques.

26.0.7ABH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM

Definition, H, A, B, O, OH genes and secretor gene.

26.0.8BLOOD GROUP SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES

Definition, Type, Importance.Neutralization tests.

26.0.9OTHER BLOOD GROUPS:

Introduction to other blood groups – MNSS, KELL, DUFFY, I.

26.0.10BLOOD GROUP ANOMALIES

Physical, and conditional hereditary.

26.0.11PREPARATION OF REAGENTS

Normal Saline, Enzymes, Bovine Albumin, Coombs Reagents, Lectins, Antisera.

26.0.12COOMBS TECHNIQUES

Direct Coombs, indirect Coomb’s, Antibody screening, antibody identification and Titration.

26.0.13CROSSMATCHING:

Definition, purpose, types, phases, techniques.

26.0.14TRANSFUSION REACTIONS

Definition, categories, laboratory, investigations.

26.0.15HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEW BORN

Definition, Causes, Laboratory Investigation, Prevention and Management.YEAR 2

26.0.16OBJECTIVES

At the end of this year the trainee should be able to:

(i)Campaign, recruit and bleed blood donors.

(ii)Describe the procedures of blood screening for infectious disease.

(iii)Describe various anticoagulants used in blood transfusion science.

(iv)Explain blood storage procedures.

(v)Describe safety measures in blood bank.

(vi)Describe control in blood transfusion science.

(vii)Explain various blood fractions and plasma products.

(viii)Practice techniques learned in year 1.

26.0.17CONTENT

26.1.01BLOOD DONOR SERVICE:

Blood campaign, recruitment of donors, phlebotomy procedures, screening procedures, storage of blood, disposal.

26.1.02BLOOD PRODUCTS

Definition, types, uses.

26.1.03CONTROL IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCE

Purpose of control on equipment, reagent and laboratory procedures.

26.1.04CLINICAL PLACEMENT

27.0MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

27.0.1AIM

To provide the trainees with basic knowledge and skills and attitude in medical parasitology, which will enable them carry out simple parasitological techniques in diagnostic and research laboratories as well as field settings.

27.0.2GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:

(i)Receive, preserve and store parasitological specimens.

(ii)Observe safety measures in a parasitology laboratory.

(iii)Perform simple laboratory diagnosis of common parasitic infections.

(iv)Prepare common laboratory reagents used in parasitology laboratory.

(v)Use various equipment for parasitological investigations.

(vi)Collect samples for laboratory investigations.

(vii)Prepare specimens for parasitological investigations.

(viii)Carry out appropriate parasitology analysis.

(ix)Give appropriate report on laboratory findings.

27.0.3CONTEXT— YEAR 1

27.0.4Introduction to Medical Parasitology and Medical Entomology.

Common terminologies.Simple classification of parasites.Routes and mechanism of infections.Exit routes.Collection preservation transportation, reception and storage of specimen.Safety precautions and hygiene.Preparation of common reagents and stains.Common equipment and apparatus.Introductory microscopy.Quality assurance.

27.0.5Parasitological Techniques

Direct methods.Concentration methods.Smears.Swabs.Basic immunodiagnosis.

27.0.6Entomological Techniques

Collection of specimen.Mounting and labelling.Preservation and storage.Simple dissections.

27.0.7Malacological Techniques

Collection of molluscs.Transportation.Cercarial sheding.Preservation.

27.0.8Helminthology

Introduction.General classification to genus and species level.Collection of specimen.Basic life-cycles.Morphology of diagnostic stages.Routine helminthological techniques.Prevention and control.

27.0.9Protozoology

Introduction.General classification to genus species.Collection of specimen.Basic life-cycles.Morphology of diagnostic stages.Routine protozoological techniques.Prevention and control.

27.0.10Medical Entomology

Introduction and terminologies.General classification to genera and species.Basic life-cycles.Routine entomological techniques.Basic identification.Vector control.

28.0VIROLOGY

28.0.1AIM:

The aim of this course is to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitude to enable them work in a medical virology laboratory.

28.0.2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

28.0.3YEAR ONE

By the end of the year, the trainee should be able to:

(i)Define the virus.

(ii)Outline general properties of viruses.

(iii)State the major classes of viruses of medical importance.

(iv)Identify the pathogen risk groups.

(v)Explain laboratory associated acquired infections and their prevention.

(vi)Perform the various sterilisation. disinfection and disposal procedures.

(vii)Use various laboratory equipment for virology work.

28.0.4CONTENT

Year	Topic	Sub-topic	Theory (T)practice (P)
ONE	INTRODUCTION TOVIROLOGY	* DEFINITION OF VIRUSES.* GENERAL PROPERTIES OFVIRUSES.*CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES(CRITERIA).	TT
ONE	BIO-SAFETY	CATEGORISATION OF PATHOGENRISK GROUPS.* ACTIVITIES HARMFUL TO THEWORKER AND OTHERS INVIROLOGY.* OCCURANCE OF LABORATORYINFECTIONS AND THEIRPREVENTION.* MODE OF INFECTIONS IN AND OUT OF THE LABORATORY.* LOCATION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT IN THE WORK PLACE (EG. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS).PERSONAL PROTECTION: USE OFSAFETY-GEARS, EG. LAB. GOWNS,GLOVES, MASKS AND GOGGLES.* USE OF PIPETTING AIDS.* USE OF SAFETY CABINETS.BIO-SAFETY* SAFE USE OF OTHER EQUIPMENT,DEFINITIONS AND TYPES.	TTTTT
	STERILIZATION	METHODS OF STERILISATION,FACTORS INFLUENCINGSTERILIZATION AND STERILITYTESTING	P
	DISINFECTION ANDDISPOSAL	DISINFECTIONS; ‘CIDAL’ AND‘STATIC’ DISINFECTANTS.* MODE OF ACTION OFDISINFECTANTS.* COMMON DISINFECTANTS ANDTHEIR USE.DILUTIONS.DISPOSAL: DISINFECTION ANDMETHODS.	TT
	EQUIPMENT	USE OF THE FOLLOWING INVIROLOGY:EQUIPMENTINVERTED MICROSCOPE AUTOCLAVE.	TP
	SPECIMEN	WATER BATHS, DEEP FREEZERS,REFRIGERATORS, INCUBATORS, BIOSAFETY CABINETS.	TP
	STERILIZATION	PRACTICALSPECIMEN,COLLECTION,HANDLING,TRANSPORTATION,PRESERVATION AND STORAGE.PRACTICAL METHODS:MOIST HEAT,DRY HEAT,CHEMICAL,STERILIZATIONDISINFECTANTS.	P

28.0.5YEAR TWO

• By the end of the year, the trainee should be able to:• Describe and perform the various techniques used for specimen collection.• Explain the various techniques used in specimen preparation, storage, transportation and disposal.• Perform basic virological tests.

29.0IMMUNOLOGY

29.0.1AIM: This course unit is intended to provide the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work effectively in an immunology laboratory.

29.0.2OBJECTIVES

At the end of this unit the learner should be able to:• Define immunology;• Outline the scope of immunology;• Explain the types of immunity;• Identify the cells involved in immunity;• Explain the role played by various cells in immune response;• Prepare blood smears;• Perform staining procedures of the thin blood film;• Identify the various lymphoid tissues and organs involved in immunity;• Describe the function of antibodies;• Classify various types of antibodies;• Outline the principles of immunological techniques.

30.0Appendix 1: TRAINING STANDARDS

30.0.1STAFF/STUDENT RATIO

30.0.2LECTURESTHEORY 1:10PRACTICAL 1:5SUPPORT STAFF:TECHNOLOGIST (DIPLOMA LEVEL): ONE (1)TECHNICIANS TWO (2)

30.0.3ACADEMIC STAFF QUALIFICATIONS

Minimum MLS (DIP) with three (3) years experience plus a certificate in Medical Education,ORMLS (DIP) with five (5) years working experience,AND a good track record.

30.0.4ATTENDANCE—90%

30.0.5AVERAGE PASS MARK—50%

30.0.6EXAMINATION DECLARATION

♦ Common examination♦ Examination results shall be declared two (2) weeks after the last paper.

31.0Appendix 2: ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT

31.0.1Microbiology

(1) Autoclave (portable)		1 between 10 students.
(2) Medium water bath		1 between 5 students
(4) pH meters		1 between 5 students
(5) Anaerobic jars		1 between 5 students
(6) Incubators/Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 between 10 students
(7) Distillers		2 for the whole institute
(8) De-ionizers		two small
(9) Microscopes binocular		1 between 10 students
(10) Weighing balance		1 top pan load balance
(11) Wood lamp		1
(12) Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
(13) Bunsen Burner/Spirit		1 between 2 students
(14) Tripod Stands/asbestos mat		1 between 10 students
(15) Fridge/deep freezer		1 between 10 students
(16) Safety Cabinet		1 per laboratory
(17) Teaching microscopes		1 between 10 students
(18) Mechanical shaker		1 between 10 students.
(19) Inoculating loops		1 per student
(20) Assorted microbiology glassware		adequate
31.0.2 CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
(1) Colorimeters		1 between 4 students
(2) Analytical balance0150 – top pan loading
(3) Sensitivity up to 1mg.		1 between 5 students
(4) Flame photometers		1 between 10 students
(5) Centrifuge		1 between 4 students
(6) Refrigerators/Freezers		1 between 10 students
(7) Water bath medium		1 between 4 students
(8) pH meter		1 between 5 students
(9) Mechanical mixers		2
(10) Electrophoresis equipment		2 per institution/class
(11) Distiller/deionizer		2
(12) Hot air oven/incubator adjustable		10
31.0.3 HAEMATOLOGY
(1) Haemoglobinemter		1
(2) Centrifuge		1
(3) Microhaematocrit centrifuge		1 between 5 students
(4) Blood mixers rollers		1 between 10 students
(5) Water bath		1 between 10 students
(6) Incubator		1 between 10 students
(7) Colorimeter		1 between 10 students
(8) Electrophoresis equipment		1 between 10 students
(9) Sphygmomanometer		1 between 5 students
(10) E.S.T. stands		1 between 4 students
(11) Deep freezer/fridge		1 per 10 students
(12) Deep freezer		1 between 5 students
(13) Coulter counter		1 for each class
(14) Neubaeur Chambers		1 for each student
(15) Distiller		2 per institution/class
(16) Analytical balance		1 between 10
31.0.4 BLOOD TRANSFUSION SCIENCES
(1) Blood bank refrigerator		1 per class/institution
(2) Grouping tiles		1 per student
(3) Water bath adjustable		Medium size
(4) Plasma extractors		15 students
(5) Centrifuges		1 between 4 students
(6) Weighing balance		1 between 5 students
(7) Syphmomanometers		1 between 5 students
(8) Hot air oven (adjustable)		1 in the whole institution
(9) De-ionizers and stillers		1 for the whole class/institution
(10) Mechanical shaker
(11) Blood transfusion bleeding unit
(12) Assorted blood transfusion glasswareand adequate apparatus
(13) Microscopes		1 per 2 students
31.0.5 HISTOPATHOLOGY
(1) Microtome rocking/rotary		1 per 4 students
(2) Manual tissue processing set		1 between 4 students
(3) Hot plat		1 between 4 students
(4) Hone and strope		1 between 4 students
(5) Automatic knife sharpener		1 per class/institution
(6) Water bath, medium size		1 between 4 students
(7) Microscope (teaching)		1 for the institution
(8) Cold plate		1 between 6 students
(9) Weighing balances		1 between 5 students
(10) De-ionizers		1 per class/institution
(11) Fume chamber		1 per laboratory/institution
31.0.6 PARASITOLOGY
(1) Microscopes		1 for 4 students
(2) Centrifuges		1 for 4 students
(3) Refrigerators		1 per student
(4) Pestle and mortar		1 for 4 students

(5)Teaching microscope

(6)QBC unit

(7)Assorted apparatus eg. sieves racks, test tubes, stirring rods, applicator sticks, forceps funnels,kato kits, hand lenses

(8)Stereo microscope/dissecting microscope

31.0.7VIROLOGY

(1)Hepatitis screening equipment

(2)H.I.V. Screening equipment– Eliza– Immunoblots (Western Blot)– P.C.R. (Polymerase chain reaction)

(3)CD4/CD8 Counting machine

(4)Tissue lines

(5)Immunoflourescent equipment

(6)Inverted microscopes

(7)Computer

31.0.8IMMUNOLOGY

(1)Mechanical shakers

(2)Centrifuges

(3)Water baths

(4)Refrigerators

(5)Geiger Muller Counter

(6)Chromatographic sets– G.L.C. gas liquid chromatograph– H.P.L.C. high pressure liquid chromatography– T.L.C. thin layer chromatography

(7)Thermocycler

(8)Computer

32.0Appendix 3: LEARNING BOOKS

32.0.1GENERAL BOOKS

	Title	Author
I.	Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology	F.J. Baker & Silverton. Current Edition
2.	Medical Laboratory Manual for TropicalCountries Part I & II	Monica Chesbourogh

32.0.2MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Colour Atlas and Text Book of DiagnosticMicrobiology	Elmer W. Koneman et al
2.	Short Text book of Microbiology	Satish Gupte

32.0.3CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

	Title	Author
1.	A handbook of Clinical Chemistry	V.W. Sitati
2.	Practical Clinical Biochemistry	Harold V. Valley
3.	Essential of volumetric Analysis	By J. Lambert

32.0.4HAEMATOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	A short textbook of haematology	R.B.Thomson
2.	Atlas of haematology	McDonald Dodds
3.	Practical Haematology	Dacie &Lewis

32.0.5HISTOPATHOLOGY

	Title	Author
I.	Carlton's Histological Techniques	Drowry and Wellington
2.	Colour atlas	lrwing Bernem
3.	Theory and practice of histological Techniques	John Bancroft

32.0.6BLOOD TRANSFUSION

	Title	Author
1.	Carlton's Histological Techniques	Drowry and Wellington
2.	Colour atlas	Irwing Bernem
3.	Theory and practice of histological Techniques	John Bancroft

32.0.7MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Basic Clinical Parasitology	Harold W. Brown
2.	Introduction to Parasitology	A.C. Chandler
3.	Atlas of Helminthology Protozoology	Leach
4.	Lecture notes on Medical Entomology	M.W. Service
5.	Tropical Diseases	Manson Barr

32.0.8VIROLOGY

	Title	Author
1.	Practical virology for Medical Students andPractitioners in tropical countries	D. Metasalaar et al
2.	Fundamentals of Medical Virology	Kucera and Louis S.
3.	Virological Procedures	Hopkins et al
4.	Virology - Practical Approach	B.S. Mahy etal
5.	Medical virology	D. White & F. Fenner
6.	Medical Virology- A Practical Approach	Editor - U. Desselberger
7.	Principles of Molecular Virology	A.J. Cann

32.0.9IMMUNOLOGY

	Title	Author
I.	The Principles of Immunology	Ivan Roitt
2.	Fundamentals of Immunology	Tesdale
3.	Practical Immunology	Hudsons and Hay
4.	Practical Immunology	Talwar
5.	Basic and Clinical Immunology	Peakman & Vergains
6.	Understanding Immunology	Peter Woods & Prentice Hall

SECOND SCHEDULE [r. 2]

DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

MINISTRY OF HEALTH

THE KENYA MEDICAL LABORATORY

TECHNICIANS AND TECHNOLOGISTS BOARD

CURRICULUM

FOR DIPLOMA

IN

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

Course Title

1.0Introduction.

2.0Rationale.

3.0Roles and functions.

4.0Programme aim.

5.0Programme objectives.

6.0Admission requirements.

7.0Course duration.

8.0Attendance pattern.

9.0Award of certificates.

10.0Teaching methods.

11.0Teaching aids and resources.

12.0Resources.

13.0Format of students assessment and evaluation.Chemistry.Computers.Entrepreneurship education.Instrumentation.Health management.Management and laboratory practice.Mathematics and statistics.Medical terminologies.Research methods and projects.Social studies, professional conduct, ethics and law. Sterilization and disinfection.Medical microbiology.Clinical chemistry.Haematology.Histopathology and cytopathology.Blood transfusion science.Medical parasitology.Protozoology.Helminthology.Medical entomology.Cestodes.Malacology.Mammology.Insecticides.Virology.Immunology.Appendix 1: Training standards.Appendix 2: Essential equipment.Appendix 3: Essential books.

___________________________

COURSE TITLE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES

1.0INTRODUCTIONThis course is intended to equip the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them to work as medical laboratory technologists.

2.0RATIONALEThe public has become more aware of their health needs hence increasing the demand for laboratory services, which also includes use of technology and techniques that were not available previously. Therefore the course aims at providing health care professionals who will serve at Class B Laboratory level at both the public and private sector.

3.0ROLES AND FUNCTIONS

(i)Carry out laboratory tests.

(ii)Analyse, interpret and report laboratory results.

(iii)Manage laboratory resources.

(iv)Initiate and participate in the improvement of diagnostic procedures.

(v)Create awareness and appreciation of laboratory services to the general public.

(vi)Plan and set up a laboratory.

(vii)Participate in the training of laboratory personnel.

(viii)Supervise other laboratory personnel.

(ix)Carry out quality assurance and quality control.

(x)Participate in continuing medical education.

4.0PROGRAMME AIMThe course is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them to provide health services at Class B Laboratory level as medical laboratory technologists.

5.0PROGRAMME OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course the trainee should be able to:

(i)Apply the principles that form the basis of medical laboratory.

(ii)Apply laboratory practice.

(iii)Practise safety precautions in a medical laboratory.

(iv)Select, set up and operate laboratory equipment.

(v)Carry out standard procedures to obtain quality results.

(vi)Interpret laboratory results.

(vii)Carry out research.

(viii)Manage service and resources of a medical laboratory.

(ix)Participate in the multi-disciplinary planning, implementation, co-ordination and evaluation of healthcare of the individual and community.

(x)Contribute to the development of science and technology through creativity and application of acquired knowledge, skills and attitudes.

(xi)Demonstrate the ability to evaluate own performance.

(xii)Plan continuing education for self and others.

(xiii)Observe the professional code of conduct and ethics.

6.0ADMISSION REQUIREMENTSTrainees entering this course should have the following minimum requirements obtained at one sitting:—Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) with a mean grade of C, or equivalent, and in addition a minimum grade of C in the following:—Biology/Biological Sciences Chemistry/Physical Sciences English or Kiswahili They should also have a minimum grade of C in the following:—Mathematics or Physics

OR

Holders of Certificate in Medical Laboratory Sciences with two (2) years relevant experience.

7.0COURSE DURATIONThe course is designed to have duration of 3960 contact hours where 1930 hours are spent on campus and 1760 hours are spent on clinical placement.

8.0ATTENDANCE PATTERNThe course is designed to be covered as follows—

Year		On Campus	Clinical Placement
	TERM I	440	–
	TERM II	440	–
	TERM III	440	–
	TERM IV	–	440
	TERM V	–	440
	TERM VI	440	–
	TERM VII	–	440
	TERM VIII	–	440
	TERM IX	440	–

9.0AWARD OF CERTIFICATESKMLTTB or its agents shall award the certificates.

10.0TEACHING METHODSFor trainees to attain the basic competencies the following teaching methods shall be applied:—• Discussion• Lectures• Role play• Simulation• Demonstration• Independent study (Assignments)• Class practicals• Projects• Tutorials• Attachment• Field visits

11.0TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCESThe following teaching aids and resources shall be applied in the teaching methods employed during the course:—• Chalkboard• Chart• Flipcharts• Models• Specimens• Overhead projector• Radio• Video/film• Computer interactive learning• Computer aided/assisted learning• Computer

12.0RESOURCES• Recommended textbooks• Library• Laboratory• Health institutions• Mortuary and museum

13.0FORMAT OF STUDENTS ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

13.0.1Each trainee shall be expected to attend at least 90% of the possible attendance in each subject and complete satisfactorily the course work to qualify for the summative exam.

13.0.2Each trainee shall be expected to have passed each subject at 50% as the pass mark to qualify to sit that same subject at summative level.

13.0.3Course work will be given a weighting of 40% and the final examination given a weighting of 60% in the determination of final results.

13.0.4Assessment and evaluation shall be categorised as follows:—

13.0.5• Continuous assessment (conducted by institutions)• Timed tests• Carry-away tests• Practicals and orals• Assignments• Projects• Oral examination (viva voce)

13.0.6Summative examinations

Shall be conducted by the authorized examining body.

13.0.7Format of the subjects for examination in final examination shall be:—

(a)Project

(b)Practical and orals

(c)Theory papers

(i)Microbiology

(ii)Clinical Chemistry

(iii)Haematology

(iv)Transfusion Sciences

(v)Histopathology

(vi)Parasitology and Immunology

13.0.8Length of papers Time for each paper shall be allocated as follows:—

ProjectPracticals and oralsTheory

60 hours3 hours each2 hours each

13.0.9Paper Structure

The following formats are suggested theory papers—

Alternative A:	Section A M.C.Q. (40 marks)15 short, structured questionsSection B (30 marks)Section C (30 marks)Two out of three attempted
Alternative B:	Section A (40 marks)15 short, structured questionsSection B (60 marks)Three out of five attempted (long and short)

The following grading system shall be used—

Grade		Score by %
A		75–100
B		65–75
C		50–64
D		40–49
E		1–39

CHEMISTRYThis course is intended to provide trainees with the knowledge-base in the application of knowledge and skills in the professional subjects.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the course the trainee should be able to—• State physical and chemical changes;• Describe the atomic structure;• Describe the periodic table, relative to the first twenty elements;• Explain various types of bonds;• Balance chemical equations;• Explain use of pH scale;• Explain the terms used in chromatography as a qualitative method;• Explain the application of different types of chromatography;• Explain titrimetric analysis as a quantitative technique;• Explain concentration terms;• Prepare solutions;• Define the term organic compounds;• Identify functional groups of hydrocarbons;• State common uses of hydrocarbons.

Code	Topic	Sub-topic	Time
	Quantitative analysis	• Definition of qualitative analysis, terms used inchromatography.• Concentration terms.• Preparation of solutions.• Acid/base indicators.• Glassware used in quantitative measurements.
	Organic chemistry	• Terms used.• Difference between saturated and unsaturatedcompounds.• Homologous series.Common used.Alkanes.Aldehydes.Ketones.Carboxylic acids.Amines.
	Physical and chemicalchanges	• Physical changes• Chemical changes.
	Atom, elements,compounds and mixtures	• Structure of an atom.• Preparation of an atom.• Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Mixture and compounds.The Periodic Table.Relationship of atom structure of an element to its position in the Periodic Table.Relationship of physical and chemical properties of elements in the Periodic Table.
	Chemical combinations	• Types of bonds.• Chemical equations.• Properties of bonds.
	Acid, bases and salts	• Definition.• Properties.• Differences between weak and strong human acid and bases.• pH scale neutralisation.• Salts.

COMPUTERSAIM:This unit intends to prepare the trainee to understand the role of computers in managing medical laboratory services and project writing.GENERAL OBJECTIVES:At the end of this unit the trainees should be able to:

(1)Describe the basic components of a computer;

(2)State the principles of computer operations and information processing;

(3)Apply common computer software packages for data management;

(4)Use computer for basic data analysis;

(5)Appreciate the role of computers in laboratory sciences.CONTENTS

Topic		Sub-topic
Introduction to computers		Concept of computing. Components of a computer.Hardware – CPU (ALU and control units).• Main memory.• RAM.• ROM.• Auxiliary memory.• Peripherals.Software – OS and Applications.Interaction of hardware and OS.
Principles of computer operations		Computer capabilityComputer environment• Power assurance.• Dust.• Water leakages.• Temperature.• Humidity.Data – Definition ofdata and information.Data entry (capturing)• Optical.• Magnetic.• Sound (verbal).Data security• Data back-up.• Persons role to assure correct data.• Operating system.• Application compatibility.• Selection of applications.
Data management		• Introduction to windows.• Word processing:(1) Setting up files.(2) Modifying.(3) Storing.(4) Retrieval of information.(5) Printing.Spreadsheets—Types: ExcelFile set-up.
Data analysis		Data entry.Data modifications.Printing process.Basic statistical functions. Interpreting of the outputs.
Role ofcomputers		Role of computers in managing laboratory sciences.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable the trainee to start, operate and manage a personal or group business enterprise.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this unit the trainee should be able to—INSTRUMENTATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to handle, maintain, operate and troubleshoot laboratory instruments and apparatus.

OBJECTIVES:At the end of this subject, the trainee should be able to—

(1)Identify a viable business opportunity;

(2)Understand factors liable to affect the success situations;

(3)Apply entrepreneurial competencies in business situations;

(4)Acquire managerial skills necessary for running a successful enterprise.CONTENT

	Topic	Sub-topics	Time
1.	INTRODUCTION	Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship.Entrepreneur’s contribution to national development.Role of entrepreneurs in business.
2.	ENTREPRENEURIALOPPORTUNITIES	Generation of business ideas.Business opportunities. Selection of suitable market. Marketing.
3.	ENTREPRENEURIALAW ARENESS	Business information.Procedures in starting a business.Sources of finance.Factors considered when selecting sources of business finance.Legal aspects of a business enterprise.Government policy.Tendering.Business environment. Technology choice.Business ethics.
4.	ENTREPRENEURIALMOTIVATION	Characteristics of a successful entrepreneur.Self assessment of entrepreneurial potentials.Incentives foraspiring entrepreneurs.
5.	ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES	Decision-making.Coping with change and competition. Risk-taking.Leadership. Communication.Time management.
6.	ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT	Setting business objectives. Resources management. Financial management. Production planning.Public relations.

INSTRUMENTATIONAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to handle, maintain, operate and troubleshoot laboratory instruments and apparatus.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this subject, the trainee should be able to—

(1)Identify the various types of laboratory instruments and apparatus;

(2)Install instruments and organise benches;

(3)Understand the principles of functional units and their application, operate instruments and troubleshoot;

(4)Maintain daily checks, services and decontamination.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
Types of laboratory instruments	Instruments	Flame photometer, dissecting microscope, tissueprocessor, wax dispensers, staining processors, microtomes, paraffin wax oven, knife shapeners,photometers, flourimeters, ISE, pH meter elecrophoresis systems, chromatographic systems, oven incubators,centrifuges, refrigerators, balance, still,glucometers, incubators, autoclave, microscopes, vacuum embedding, cryostat ELISA readers, ELISA washers,mixers, rollers, urinometers, automation, biosafetycabinets sonic and ultrasonic macerators.
	Apparatus	• Fans, electric wiring, plasma extractors, dilutors, dispensers, laboratory ware, hand lenses, intergral syringes, stropes, dissecting kit.
InstrumentInstallation	DimensionsBench organizationMeasurements:WeightVolumeElectro-chemistryPressure	Size of instrument, weight, voltages, ventilation.Safety from water, volatile chemical, fumes, fire outbreak, biowaste.BalancesDilutors, DispensersIntegral syringes and reagent bottles.Ion selective electrode, deionizers, pHmeter.Vacuum embedding.
DailyMaintenance	Instruments:PressureDecontamination:MeasurementsWeightVolumeElectro-chemistryPressure	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks,servicing visits, trouble shooting, greasing, defrosting.Cleaning, dryingDisinfectants, anti-septics, sterilizationBalancesDilutors, dispensary, integral syringes and reagent bottles.Ion selective electrode, deionizers, pHmeter.Vacuum embedding autoclave.
Daily maintenance	Instruments:ApparatusDecontamination	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks,servicing visits, trouble shooting, greasing, defrosting.Cleaning, dryingDisinfectants, anti-septics, sterilization.
Principles of functionalunits	PhotometryHeating elementsMicroscopyRefrigerationDensity	Colorimeter, spectrophotometer, random access,nephelometer, automation flame photometer, glucometers.Water bath, incubators, hot air oven, autoclaves, stills,incinerators. Automatic tissue processor, paraffin wax oven,float baths wax dispenser.Light, inverted, photoelectric fluorescent, dark ground,dissecting.Centrifuges, automatic stain processor, refrigerated centrifuge.Deep freezers, refrigerators, cold room cryostat.Urinometers.

Topic	Sub-topic	Contents
	Heating Elements Microscopy Centrifugal forcesRefrigerationDensityMeasurementsWeightVolumeElectro-chemistryPressure	Water bath, incubators, hot air oven, autoclaves, stills, incinerators, automatic tissue processor, paraffin wax oven, float baths, wax dispenser,light inverted, photoelectric fluorescent, dark ground, dissectingCentrifuges, automatic stain processor, refrigerated centrifugeDeep freezers, refrigerators, cold room, cryostatUrinometersBalancesDilutors, dispensers, integral syringes and reagents bottlesIon selective electrode, deionizers, pH meter, Vacuum embedding.
Daily maintenance	InstrumentsApparatusDecontamination	Dusting, covering, cleaning of instruments, daily checks,servicing visits, troubleshooting, greasing, defrosting.Cleaning, dryingDisinfectants, anti-septics, sterilization.

HEALTH MANAGEMENTAIM: This course unit intends to improve the management of health care services and training institutions.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:

(1)Describe various principles and management theories applicable to the management of health facilities and training institutions.

(2)Formulate human resources development plan within and out of the organisation.

(3)Manage financial resources in health service organisations and training institutions.

(4)Participate in project proposals and management.

(5)Manage change.

(6)Manage disaster.

No.	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT	Role of managers in organizations.Process of management.Importance of management in organisations.
2.	TECHNIQUES OF ORGANIZING	Process of planning.Importance of planning.Techniques used in planning.Strategic planning.
3.	TECHNIQUES OF ORGANIZING ACTIVITY	Basis of organising activities.Circumstances ofchoosing basis.Merits and demerits of each base.
4.	TECHNIQUES OF CO-ORDINATION	Process of co-ordination.Role of manager in directing organisational activities.Techniques used in co-ordination.
5.	HUMAN RESOURCE CO-ORDINATION	Structuring the system (analyzing and designing jobs).Recruitment, selection, placement internal mobility.Separations, death, retirements or resignation.Performance appraisal.Preparing for advancement.
6.	MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE OFCONFLICTS	Factors influencing organization chances.Causes of resistance to change.How to overcome employee resistance to change.Techniques of managing change.
7.	TECHNIQUES OF MANAGING TIME	Meaning of conflicts.Advantages and disadvantages of conflicts in an organization.Techniques of managing conflicts.
8.	STRESS MANAGEMENT	Meaning of stress.Causes of stress.Techniques of managing stress.
9.	TECHNIQUES OF CONTROL IN ORGANISATIONS	Importance and nature of control.Types of control systems.Control techniques.

MANAGEMENT AND LABORATORY PRACTICEAIMThis course unit is intended to equip trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes to manage laboratory personnel, materials and equipment.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Design a standard laboratory layout.

(2)Practice general safety procedures in the laboratory.

(3)Care for laboratory equipment apparatus and glassware.

(4)Maintain a laboratory store.

(5)Administer first aid.

(6)Demonstrate first aid procedures to handle a victim.

(7)Manage the laboratory resources.

(8)Communicate effectively.

Code	Topic	Sub-topic	Time
	Laboratory design	Setting of the laboratory.Layout/floor plan.Bench types.Sinks and drainage.Floor surfaces.Types of ventilation.Lighting in the laboratory.Conversion of an existing building to laboratory.
	Safety precautions	Sources of danger in the laboratory and their prevention.Lab operation.Chemicals.Biological materials.Fires.Explosions.Gas cylinders.Electricity.Radiation.Use of protective clothing. Handling procedures.Choice of laboratory materials. Regulations.Role of supervisor.
	Care for laboratory equipment	Spectrophotometers.Refrigerators.Microscopes.Incubators ovens.Water baths.Distillers and deionizers.Balances.Flame photometers.ELISA equipment.pH meters.Electrophoresis equipment.Microtomes.
	Management	Explanation of management.Management and schools of thought.Principals of management.Planning and forecasting.Organizing.Controlling.Leading.Directing staffing.Co-ordinating.Motivating.
	Organization	Structure.Principles of organization.Relationship.Delegation.
	Management styles	Management by objectives.Management by exceptions.Management by crisis.
	Materials control	Sources of information.Purchasing procedures.Receiving procedure.Types of storekeeper.Store documents.Control ofstock levels.Security and protection of materials.
	Laboratory records	Methods of storing and retrieving.Setting up protection of materials.
	Communication	Purpose of communication.Process of communication.Informal and formal.Methods of transmission.Forms of written communication.Procedures used in planning and conducting. Interviews and meetings.Report writing—1. General,2. Technical.External communication.Mass media as a form.
	First-aid	Definition, aims and roles of first-aid.Assessment of accident situations.Clinical conditions requiring first-aid.First-aid.Ethics in first-aid.Demonstrations from St. John on first-aid and techniques.

MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICSAIM:This course unit is intended to equip the trainees with the knowledge, skills and attitude required for the understanding of mathematical and statistical skills applied in the core and support areas.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this subject the trainee should be able to:

(1)Perform basic operations on numbers and algebraic expressions.

(2)Perform calculations using the scientific calculator.

(3)Demonstrate knowledge of the statistical techniques applied in data collection representation and interpretation.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.		The scientific calculator, use of.
2.	NUMBERS	Decimals.Fractions.Rounding.Standard form.
3.	ALGEBRA	Algebraic expressions.Equations – linear; simultaneous.Quadratic—indices and logarithms—exponential and log,equations.
4.	GRAPHS	Straight line graphs.Curves.Exponential.Deduction of laws to linear form.Gradients intercepts.
5.	RATIO, PROPORTION, PERCENTAGE AND VARIATION	Ratio.Proportion/Variation.Inverse, direct partial and joint.Percentage.
6.	MEASURING	Systems, conversions of units.Area, calculation of volume.
7.	DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION	Introduction of differentiation.Introduction of integration.Applications of differentiation and integration.
8.	STATISTICS	Collection of data.Organization of data.Representation of data.Statistical measures.Mean.Median.Mode.Standard deviation.Interpretation of data.Introduction.Simple regression and correlation.Analysis.
9.	PROBABILITY	Definition of probability. Classical definition.Axiomatic definition.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIESAIM: This unit is intended to enable students apply medical terminologies in reporting of laboratory results and use them for the purposes of interaction in class and the work-place.OBJECTIVESAt the end if this unit the students should be able to:—

(1)List commonly used medical terms and words.

(2)Discuss the meaning of medical words and terms.

(3)Understand Greek alphabets.

(4)Explain the usage and applicability of terms and words used in medicine.

(5)Understand the synthesis and analysis of medical words and terms.

(6)Synthesize and analyze medical words and terms.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	Introduction to medical terminologies	History and origin of medical terms.Qualities of medical languages.Principles of derived from Latin and Greek languages withoutalterations or modified to improve accuracy by addition of:—• “oid”,•“iform”,• prefixes such as “para” and “pseudo”.
2.	Medical words and terms	Words roots, prefix, suffix, combining forms.Compound words.Greek and Latin.Anatomical synonyms.
3.	Greek alphabets	List Greek alphabets and their meaning.
4.	Application of medical words and terms	Resemblance – words derived with little or no alterations. Prefix “pseudo” (meaning an example).Words pertaining to—Cavities, membranes and partitions.Opening and communications—– fluids and substance quantity,– deficiency.Deficiency.Excess numbers.Paired and unpaired. Measurements and size. Textures and fabrics.Air and breadth.Form and sharp.Color.Hardness and softness. Thickness and weight.Surface identity relations.Age.Positions and relative arrangements and distributions.
		Approximation and separation.Visibility.Temperature.Time.Goodness and badness.Ease and difficulty.Movement and transport.Sensation, feeling and affection.Growth and reproduction.Nutrition, digestion and excretions.Special service, cutaneous sensation.Mental states construction.Destruction and obstruction.Protection.Wasting, decay and death.Entomological terms.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROJECTSAIM: This course aims at equipping the trainees with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable them carry out scientific projects.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit, the trainees should be able to:—

(i)Formulate hypotheses.

(ii)Prepare a research proposal and budget proposal.

(iii)Design a sampling frame.

(iv)Collect, organise and represent data.

(v)Use statical techniques in data analysis.

(vi)Apply computer techniques in data analysis.

(vii)Observe ethical standards in research.

(viii)Present a project report in a structured format.

Topics		Sub-topic
Introduction		– Hypothesis, research questions, objectives.– Ethical considerations.
Population and Sampling		– Population.– Types of sampling.– Probability sampling methods.– Non-probability sampling methods.
Data collection		– Observation methods.– Interviews and questionnaires.– Trace measures.– Content analysis.– Data archives.– Measurements.
Data analysis		– Qualitative methods.– Quantitative method (Statistics)—• binomial distribution.• poison distribution.• normal distribution.• student distribution.• estimation theory.• test of hypothesis in large and small samples.
Use of computer		– In statistical analysis.– In data organization.– Production of report.
Sampling frame		– Significance of sampling.– Methods of sampling—• probability samples,• non-probability samples.
Data collection		– Methods of collecting data—• Observation methods.• Interviews and questionnaires.• Trace measures.• Content analysis.• Data archives.• Measurements.
Data analysis		– Qualitative.– Quantitative analysis• binomial distribution.• poison distribution.• student distribution.
Test of hypothesis		– Estimation theory.– Test of hypothesis in large sample and small sample.
Computer applications		– Application of statistical computer packages for analysis.– Application of computers packers for data organization.

SOCIAL STUDIES, PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT, ETHICS AND LAWAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge skills and attitudes for effective role-play in society and work-place:OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Portray acquired attitudes in relation to work and society.

(2)Develop cultural values for self-development.

(3)Formulate personal ideas.

(4)Relate the behaviour of individuals to their efficiency and effectiveness in an organisation.

(5)Understand the Public Health Act (Cap. 242 of the Laws of Kenya) and the KLMTTB Act (Act Cap.253A) and any other relevant provisions of the general law.

(6)Comply with the provisions of the MLTT Act and the relevant provision of the Public Health and other relevant provisions of the general law.

(7)Understand the role of Government.

CONTENT

	Topics	Sub-topics
1.	Social studies	– Medical psychology.– Medical sociology.– Basic economics – elements.– Social economics.– Government.– National philosophy.– Science and technology.– Commerce.– Personal inter-relationships.– Public relations.
2.	Ethics	– Meaning and importance.– Description of the role of religion influencing morality in society.– Significance of social and individuals.– Role of humanism in society.– Professional conduct and ethics.– Part VI of the Constitution of the Association of Kenya Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers.– Technology and religion.
3.	Law	– Definition.– Importance.– Sources of Kenyan Law– Constitution, Public Health Act Cap. 242 of the Law of Kenya, Medical laboratory Technicians and Technologists.– Cap. 253A.– Law of contract.– Law of tort.– Family law.– Land/real property –basic interests.– Law in the day to day life of an individual.

STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTIONAIMThe subject is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge skills, and attitudes to be able to practise sterilisation and disinfection in medical laboratory.OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Define terminologies used in sterilisation and disinfection.

(2)Explain the principles of sterilisation and disinfection.

(3)Explain methods and factors influencing sterilisation.

(4)Describe the techniques used in sterility testing.

(5)Carry out sterilisation, disinfection, waste disposal and check sterilisation.

	Topic	Sub-topic
(i)	Terminology	Germicides, disinfection,Bactericides, antiseptics,Fungicides, bacteriostats.
(ii)	Principles	Oxidation, Lysis (membrane disruption) denaturation of proteins, ionization and enzyme poisons.
(iii)	Methods	PhysicalHeat: dry heat, moist heat.Radiation: Ultra-violet.Radiation: Ionizing. Filtration:Chemicals:Alcohol, chloroform, chlorine, glycerol, phenol, cresol, aldehydes, ethylene oxide, quarternary, ammonium compounds.
(iv)	Factors	Nature, local and type of Micro-organisms,nature of Material and containers, time, temperature, humidity, organic, contaminants.
(v)	Sterility testing	Automatic process control.Recording thermometers.Thermocouple measurement.Chemical indicators, autoclave tape.Biological control.
(vi)	Practicals	Safety measures, sterilization.Disinfection, waste disposal, check sterility.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGYAIM: This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to work, supervise and teach as a Medical Laboratory Technologist in a Class B Laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Explain the principles relating to taxonomy, nomenclature, classification and characterisation of micro-organisms.

(2)Understand and apply safety precautions in sterilisation and disposal methods.

(3)Understand the principles and operations of equipments used in the laboratory.

(4)Explain and carry out the procedure of specimen collection and handling.

(5)Apply the laboratory procedures used to investigate the diseases caused by micro-organisms.

(6)Contribute to the development of knowledge and research in medical sciences.

(7)Handle patients with care.

(8)Understand and apply the principles of quality control.

(9)Describe the sampling procedures in water, food and milk bacteriology.YEAR 1 GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the first year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)State and define the major classes of micro-organisms.

(2)Understand and apply safety precautions in sterilisation and disposal methods.

(3)Explain and carry out the procedures of specimen collection and handling.

(4)Explain the preparation of common stains.

(5)Prepare and use common culture media.

(6)Explain the identification methods of bacteria.

(7)Describe and apply antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

(8)Describe the properties, pathogenesis and epidemiology of medically important bacteria.

(9)Describe the laboratory diagnosis.CONTENT : YEAR 1

	Topic	Sub-topic	T	P
1.	INTRODUCTION TO MICRO-BIOLOGY	– Definition.– Nomenclature.– Classification.– Characterization.
2.	SAFETY	– W.H.O. code of practice.– Laboratory acquired infections.– Classes of laboratories.– Hazard groups.– Laboratory wastes.– Types of safety cabinets.– Handling and storage of chemicals.
3.	STERILIZATION	– Definitions.– Methods of sterilization.– Factors influencing sterilization.– Sterility testing.
4.	COLLECTION ANDPROCESSING OF SPECIMENS	– Specimen containers.– Types of specimens.– Transportation.– Processing.– Preservation.
5.	STAINING	– Preparation of a smear.– Types of stains.– Preparation of stains.– Staining methods.– Factors affecting staining.
6.	CULTURE MEDIA	– Types.– Ingredients.– Classes.– Preparation.– Storage.– Quality control.
7.	CULTURIVATION OFMICRO-ORGANISMS	– Culture methods.– Factors affecting growth.– Cultural characteristics.
8.	IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA	– Biochemical tests.– Serological tests.
9.	ANTIMICROBIALSUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING	– Definition.– Mechanisms of action.– Factors affecting susceptibility tests.– Susceptibility testing.
10.	BACTERIOLOGY	Genus:– Staphylococcus.– Streptococcus.– Neisseria.– Escherichia.– Klebsiella.– Citrobacter.– Enterobacter.Yersinia.Salmonella.Shigella.Proteus.Haemophilus.Peudomonas.Vibrio.Brucella.Bordetella.Bacillus.Costridium.

YEAR 2 GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the second year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Apply safety techniques in a medical microbiology laboratory.

(2)Perform sterilisation, disinfection and disposal methods in microbiology.

(3)Collect, handle, transport, process and preserve specimens.

(4)Analyse data for project work.

(5)Write a project report:

☐ Project title selections.
☐ Sources of data
☐ Available materials and equipment.
☐ Finance/budget.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	SAFETY	Safety techniques in microbiology laboratory.
2.	STERILIZATION	Sterilization methods. Disinfection.
3.	SPECIMENS	Collection. Transportation. Preservation. Processing.
4.	LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS	Laboratory procedures used in diagnosis ofcommon diseases. Sensitivity tests.

YEAR IIIGENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of the third year the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Describe the sampling procedures in water bacteriology.

(2)Describe bacteriological analysis of water, milk and food.

(3)Classify moulds and yeasts of medical importance.

(4)State various fungal diseases.

(5)Describe the culture methods.

(6)Explain the laboratory diagnosis.

1.	BACTERIOLOGY (CONTD.)	Corynebacterium.Mycobacterium.Borrelia.Leptospira.
2.	BACTERIOLOGY OF W ATER, MILK AND FOOD	Water sampling.Bacteriological analysis of water, milk and food.
	Topic	Sub-topic
3.	MYCOLOGY	Definition.Morphological classification.Laboratory diagnosis. Diseases.Culture methods.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRYAIM:This course unit is intended to equip the trainee with attitudes, knowledge and skills to be able to work, supervise and teach as a Medical Laboratory Technologist in a class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this course unit the trainee should be able to:—

(1)Explain and apply chemistry.

(2)Describe and apply clinical chemistry.

(3)Explain and practice safety measures.

(4)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.

(5)Store chemicals and reagents.

(6)Explain theories of principles of techniques in clinical chemistry.

(7)Carry out various diagnostic techniques.

(8)Collect specimens.

(9)Apply clinical chemistry in research.YEAR 1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES(TO COVER YEAR 1: TERMS 2 AND 3, AND YEAR)—

(i)Understand chemistry and its application.

(ii)Describe and apply concepts of clinical chemistry.

(iii)Explain safety measures.

(iv)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.

(v)Store chemicals and reagents.

(vi)Explain theories of principles.

(vii)Collect specimens.

	Topic	Sub-topic	Content
TERM II	IntroductionGeneral Chemistry	Physical chemistry	Definition, diagnosis, importance.Atoms, atomic structure, valency, thermo-chemistry, redox, reactions, acids, bases, colligative properties, rates of reactions, theories of catalyses.
		Inorganic reactions	Colour of solids and solutions, solubility, thermodynamics, qualitative analysis.
		Volumetricanalysis, titrimetricanalysisis preferred	Standard solutions, weights and measures, theory and choice of indicators, dissociation constants, buffers, pH, acid-base, redox and precipitation.
			Titrations.
		Organic chemistry	Structure of carbon compounds isomerism, homologous series, aromatic compounds, functional groups, reaction process.
	Concepts ofclinical chemistry	Biochemistry	Amino acids and proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, enzymes, nucleo-proteins, nucleic acids, porphyrins and bile pigments.
		Physiology organs	Kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, lungs, heart.
		Hormones	Origin, structure, general functions, control, feedback and other regulatory factors.
		Blood fluids	Blood, ascitic, lymph, CSF.
		Pathology	Nephrosis, renal calculi, diuresis, acidosis, alkalosis, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, hepatoma, hepatitis, gallstones, myocardial infarction glycaemia, cancer of the pancreas, diabetes, gastritis, fertility hormones, thyroid hormones, tertiary hypercalcaemia.
		Function tests	Renal, thyroid, liver cardiac, pancreatic, lipid profile.
	Safety measures	Chemicals	Sources of injuries – carcinogenic, poisons, corrosives, volatiles, radio-active, explosives, fumes.Protective measures – protective gear, handling fire, fighting, gadgets and disposal.
		Biological specimen	Sources of infection – exudates, stool aerosols,CSF.Protective measures – mechanical, electric thermal (hot water), air dry heat.Protective measures – protective gear, bench organization, insulation, voltage.
		Laboratory ware	Sources of injuries – breakages, sharps, mechanical.Protective measures – protective gear, handling, disposal.
	Specimen collection	Mode of collectionTypes ofspecimen	Containers, anticoagulants.Disposable syringes and needles, labels, preservatives, request form, interpretation.Aseptic techniques, hygienic sites and stasis. Blood, urine, stool, CSF, aspirates, exudates.
	Principle oftechniques	Pipeting	Capillarity, negative pressure, atmospheric pressure.
		Qualitative analysis	Physical examination, chemical analysis, chromatography, microscopy.
		Quantitative analysis	Photometry, volumetric analysis, gravimetry, fluorimetry, electrochemistry chromatography, electrophoresis, radio-activity, automation.

TERM 3 DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUESTHEORY AND PRACTICALS (URINE CHEMISTRY)

Diagnostic Techniques

Urine

Quantitive:Volume, colour, appearance, odour, sugar, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, urobilin, urinary proteins, pH, crystals, casts, cells, SG, surface tension, nitrate, hormones, porphyrines.Quantitive:clearance, osmolarity, electrolytes, phosphates, enzymes, proteins, Glucose, hormones, porphyrins, electrophoresis, chromatography.

YEAR 2: TERM IDIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUESTHEORY AND PRACTICALS (BLOOD)

Blood (plasma)

Qualitative:-Haemolysis, jaundice,coagulum, lipaemia.Quantitative:Sugars, proteins, urea,bilirubin, creatinine,electrolytes, uric acid,enzymes, hormones, lipids,HB AIC, inorganic phosphates,TIBC, electrophoresis,chromatography.

YEAR 3: TERM II AND IIIGENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this period the trainee should:—

(1)Practice safety measures.

(2)Apply concepts of clinical chemistry.

(3)Maintain, operate and care for equipment and apparatus.

(4)Store chemicals and reagents.

(5)Collect specimens.

(6)Carry out diagnostic techniques.

(7)Apply clinical chemistry in research.Content:Take precautions when handling: carcinogens, poisons, corrosives, volatiles, radioactives, explosives, fumes, biological specimens, (urine, blood, stool, CSF, aspirates, exudates) instruments, laboratory ware, maintain, operate and care for microscope, centrifuge, refrigerator, balances, auto-analysers, electrophoresis machine, pH meter, mantle heaters, mechanical heaters, water bath, colorimeter, flame photometer, spectrophotometer, distillers, de-ionisers, incubators, glucometer, fluorimeter, scanners.–Store acids, alkalis, reagents, and chemicals.–Collect urine, blood, stool, aspirates, exudates, and blood separation.–Check for volume appearance, odour, colour, SG, pH, proteins, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, urobilin, nitrates, ketones.–Determine urinary glucose, proteins enzymes, chlorides, and urea.–Determine the following in blood glucose, albumin, total protein, bilirubin, urea, electrolytes, cardiac enzymes, L.F.T.S., lipid, profile, fertility, hormonal profile, thyroid hormones.Determine the following in body fluids:—CSF – appearance, colour, clots, biochemistry (glucose, protein).Aspirates and exudates (glucose protein).Determine the following in stool– Tryptic activity.– Faecal fat.Occult blood.Perform the following in gastric juice:– Check for volume, appearance, starch, bile pigments, blood, and mucus.– Determine pH and tritable acidity.– Clinical chemistry in research.– Collect data for the analytes.GENERAL OBJECTIVES:- YEAR 3 TERMS 2 AND 3• Explain theories of principles.• Manage resources.• Apply clinical chemistry in research.

Year 3	Body Fluids	Qualitative: Appearance, coagulum, turbidity, volume, chemical analysis, pH.
Term 2		Quantitative: Biochemistry – proteins and sugars, titration, pH.
Resource Management	Fiscal	Financial Resources:Maintenance cost, record keeping,centralised Storage.
	Human	Personnel management, intersectoral collaboration.
Clinical	Nosographical	Epidemiology, sensitivity, correlation to referenceranges (values).
Chemistry Research	Situation Analysis	Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
Year 3	Project revision
Term 3	Examination

HAEMATOLOGYAIM: At the end of this course unit the trainee should be equipped with knowledge, skills and attitudes in order to perform and detach hematological techniques and manage laboratory resources in a Class B laboratory.GENERAL OBJECTIVESAt the end of this session the trainee should be able to:—

(a)Explain the use of haematology.

(b)Observe safety measures in haematology laboratory.

(c)Explain composition and functions of blood components.

(d)Explain haemopoesis.

(e)Collect and store haematological blood samples.

(f)Prepare and store haematological reagents.

(g)Enumerate all blood cells.

(h)Perform P.C.V. and E.S.R. estimation.

(i)Describe haemoglobin estimation.

(j)Calculate all haematological indices and interpret results.

(k)Prepare stain report and comment on peripheral blood film.

(l)Explain various types of anaemia.

YEAR 1: TERMS (2, 3)AIM: At the end of this course the trainee should be equipped with basic knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to perform haematological techniques and interpret the results accurately in a laboratory.

OBJECTIVES

(1)Explain the use of haematology.

(2)Observe safety measures in haematology laboratory.

(3)Explain composition and functions of blood components.

(4)Explain haemopoesis.

(5)Collect and store haematological reagents.

(6)Prepare and store haematological reagents.

(7)Enumerate all blood cells, perform P.C.V. and E.S.R. estimations.

(8)Describe haemoglobin synthesis.

(9)Perform haemoglobin estimation.

(10)Calculate all haematological indices an interpret results.

(11)Prepare stain report and comment on peripheral blood film.

	Topic	Sub-topic
1.	INTRODUCTION	Definition.Importance.Safety precaution.
2.	BLOOD COMPOSITION	Erythrocytes.Leucocytes.Thrombocytes.Plasma.
3.	FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS	Erythrocytes.Neutrophilis.Monocytes.Lymphocytes.Eosinophils.Basophils.Thrombocytes.Plasma.
4.	HAEMOPOERISIS	Intra-uterine (foetal).Post-uterine (after birth).Extra-medullary hemopoeisis.(Myeloid metaplasia).Life-span of blood cells.
5.	HAEMATOLOGICAL SAMPLES	Anticoagulants.blood collection containers.Capillary blood sample.Venous blood sample techniques.
6.	PERIPHERAL BLOOD	Thin film preparation.Thick film preparation. Uses, purpose techniques.
7.	CYTOMORPHOLOGY OF BLOOD CELLS	Normal blood cells—(a) erythrocytes leucocytes platelets;(b) immature blood cells characteristics and significance.
8.	HAEMATOLOGICAL STAINS	Romanowsky stain:(i) Leishman.(ii) Jenners stains.(iii) Wrights stain.(iv) May grunwald.(v) Giemsa.
9.	HAEMOCYTOMETRY	Total blood cell counts.Red blood cells.White blood cells.Platelets.Differential leukocyte count.Battlement method. Longitudinal.Reticulocyte count.
10.	PACKED CELL VOLUME	Electronic blood cell counter.Micro haematocrit method.Macro haematocrit method.Electronic method.Sources of error techniques.
11.	ERYROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE	Wintrobe method.W estergren method. Laudau Adam’s.Electronic method.Factors affecting E.S.R. estimation techniques.
12.	HAEMOGLOBIN	Definition. Synthesis.Types of haemoglobin.Heamoglobinopathes.Methods of estimation.Haemoglobin curve.
13.	HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES	Mean

The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

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The Medical Laboratory Technicians and Technologists (Curriculum and Course Content) Regulations

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DIPLOMA CURRICULUM

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